[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"$f3e6u3kdbje4io":3},{"data":4,"error":10},{"id":5,"documentId":6,"heading":7,"body":8,"slug":9,"name":9,"name_ar":10,"proprietary_name":10,"non_proprietary_name":10,"is_proprietary":10,"active_ingredient":10,"administration_route":10,"available_strength":10,"dosage_form":10,"dose_schedule":10,"drug_unit":10,"is_available_generically":10,"mechanism_of_action":10,"overdosage":10,"warning":10,"species":11,"citations":12,"dose_schedules":47,"available_strengths":60,"label_statements":65,"drug_classes":89,"specialties":96,"medical_conditions":97,"animal_species":104},2380,"aerbq725ds2x0w32s1raulvb","غرابيبرانت","الغرابيبرانت (grapiprant) دواء مسكّن ومضاد للالتهاب، تصفه مراجعة منشورة في مجلة J Vet Pharmacol Ther بأنه العضو الرائد في صنف جديد هو البيبرانتات، وبأنه مضاد قوي ونوعي لمستقبل بروستاغلاندين E2 من النوع 4. تعرّض مراجعة منشورة في مجلة Vet Med Sci الغرابيبرانت بوصفه أول دواء في فئته لتدبير الألم والالتهاب المرتبطين بـ[الفُصال العظمي](\u002Fmedical-conditions\u002Fosteoarthritis) لدى المرضى البيطريين.\n\n## ما هو الدواء وإلى أي صنف ينتمي\n\nتذكر مراجعة Vet Med Sci أن البيبرانتات مضادات لمستقبلات البروستاغلاندين، وأن الغرابيبرانت دواء جديد مسكّن ومضاد للالتهاب من هذا الصنف يعمل مضاداً انتقائياً لمستقبل بروستاغلاندين E2 من النوع 4. يصف دليل MSD البيطري الغرابيبرانت بأنه مضاد التهاب غير ستيرويدي جديد ذو آلية عمل مستحدثة، وبأنه مضاد جديد لبروستاغلاندين E2 يعمل عند مستقبله من النوع 4.\n\n## آلية العمل\n\nتوضح مراجعة Vet Med Sci أن بروستاغلاندين E2 يرتبط بأربعة مستقبلات، وأن أحدها، وهو المستقبل من النوع 4، المسؤول بصورة رئيسة عن الألم والالتهاب المرتبطين بالفُصال العظمي. تذكر مراجعة Vet Med Sci أن المستقبل من النوع 4 لبروستاغلاندين E2 هو الوسيط الرئيس لتحسّس الخلايا العصبية الحسية وللالتهاب اللذين يثيرهما بروستاغلاندين E2، وأنه قد يتوسط التحسس المركزي ويؤدي دوراً في الألم المزمن. تضيف مراجعة J Vet Pharmacol Ther أن المستقبل من النوع 4 لبروستاغلاندين E2 ثبت أنه ينظّم الإحساس بالألم الالتهابي على المستوى المحيطي وعلى مستوى الجهاز العصبي المركزي. تذكر مراجعة Vet Med Sci أن الغرابيبرانت يحجب المستقبل من النوع 4 لبروستاغلاندين E2 انتقائياً في القوارض والإنسان والكلاب، وأن هذا المستقبل استُنسخ ووُصفت خصائصه في الفئران والإنسان والكلاب. تذكر مراجعة Vet Med Sci أن دراسات على نماذج الجرذان أظهرت قدرة الغرابيبرانت على خفض الألم والالتهاب الحادين والمزمنين. تلاحظ مراجعة J Vet Pharmacol Ther وجود تباين واسع في تركيز الغرابيبرانت في البلازما بعد إعطائه فموياً.\n\n## الاستعمالات البيطرية\n\nتذكر مراجعة J Vet Pharmacol Ther أن فعالية الغرابيبرانت وسلامته قُيّمتا في كلاب مصابة بالفُصال العظمي الطبيعي، وتنبّه إلى أن النموذج التجريبي المستعمل، وهو حقن يورات الصوديوم داخل مفاصل الركبة في الكلاب، يسبب ألماً حاداً بينما أُجيز الغرابيبرانت للألم المزمن. تصف مراجعة J Vet Pharmacol Ther الغرابيبرانت بأنه دواء حديث الطرح، وتذكر أن ما نُشر عن اختباره في المختبر وفي الميدان اقتصر على الدراسات المطلوبة للموافقات التنظيمية.\n\n## السلامة\n\nتذكر مراجعة J Vet Pharmacol Ther أن القيء والبراز اللين أو المخاطي الذي احتوى أحياناً على دم لوحظا في جميع المجموعات، لكنهما كانا أكثر شيوعاً في الكلاب التي تلقت الغرابيبرانت.\n\n## الوضع التنظيمي\n\nتذكر مراجعة J Vet Pharmacol Ther أن إدارة الغذاء والدواء الأمريكية (FDA) أجازت الغرابيبرانت للاستعمال البيطري عام 2016 لضبط الألم والالتهاب، وأن الوكالة الأوروبية للأدوية (EMA) أجازته عام 2018 لضبط الألم المرتبط بالفُصال العظمي في الكلاب.","grapiprant",null,[],[13,19,23,27,34,41,44],{"source":14,"licence":15,"source_url":16,"harvested_by":17,"retrieved_at":18},"EMA centrally authorised medicines","EMA reuse with attribution","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ema.europa.eu\u002Fen\u002Fdocuments\u002Freport\u002Fmedicines-output-medicines-report_en.xlsx","load-reference-corpus.cjs","2026-09-07",{"source":20,"licence":21,"source_url":22,"harvested_by":17,"retrieved_at":18},"FDA Green Book","US public domain","https:\u002F\u002Fanimaldrugsatfda.fda.gov\u002Fadafda\u002Fapp\u002Fsearch\u002Fpublic\u002FingredientsInformationExcel\u002FSection2ActiveIngredients",{"source":24,"licence":25,"source_url":26,"harvested_by":17,"retrieved_at":18},"UK VMD PID","OGL v3.0","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vmd.defra.gov.uk\u002Fproductinformationdatabase\u002Fdownloads\u002Fvmd_productinformationdatabase.xlsx",{"claims":28,"source":29,"licence":30,"source_url":31,"harvested_by":32,"retrieved_at":33},"Arabic name (heading)","bAItari term layer and label review (model-written, reviewer-confirmed)","original Arabic name","https:\u002F\u002Fbaitari.vet\u002Fdrugs\u002Fgrapiprant","apply-label-arabic.cjs label-core-2026-10-23","2026-10-23",{"claims":35,"source":36,"licence":37,"source_url":38,"harvested_by":39,"retrieved_at":40},"Arabic article (body)","Grapiprant: A snapshot of the current knowledge, J Vet Pharmacol Ther (PMC)","facts cited; the Arabic article is original text","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC8518515\u002F","apply-chain-articles.cjs","2026-11-04",{"claims":35,"source":42,"licence":37,"source_url":43,"harvested_by":39,"retrieved_at":40},"Grapiprant: an EP4 prostaglandin receptor antagonist and novel therapy for pain and inflammation, Vet Med Sci (PMC)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5645826\u002F",{"claims":35,"source":45,"licence":37,"source_url":46,"harvested_by":39,"retrieved_at":40},"MSD Veterinary Manual, Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Animals","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.msdvetmanual.com\u002Fpharmacology\u002Finflammation\u002Fnonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-in-animals",[48,55],{"id":49,"dose_text":50,"species":51,"administration_route":52,"limitation":53,"source_label":54},19998,"0.9 mg\u002Flb (2 mg\u002Fkg) once daily.","Dogs","Oral","For oral use in dogs only.","Galliprant™",{"id":56,"dose_text":57,"species":10,"administration_route":58,"limitation":10,"source_label":59},19999,"Always provide “Information for Dog Owners” Sheet with prescription.\nCarefully consider the potential benefits and risks of GALLIPRANT and other treatment options before deciding to use GALLIPRANT. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration consistent with individual response.\nThe dose of GALLIPRANT (grapiprant tablets) is 0.9 mg\u002Flb (2 mg\u002Fkg) once daily.\nOnly the 20 mg and 60 mg tablets of GALLIPRANT are scored.\nThe dosage should be calculated in half tablet increments.\nDogs less than 8 lbs. (3.6 kgs) cannot be accurately dosed.","ORAL","GalliprantTM",[61],{"id":62,"strength_text":63,"dosage_form":64,"proprietary_name":54,"species":51,"source_label":54},17746,"20 mg, 60 mg, or 100 mg","Tablet",[66,70,73,77,81,85],{"id":67,"kind":68,"statement":69,"species":51,"limitation":53,"source_label":54},29482,"indication","For the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.",{"id":71,"kind":68,"statement":72,"species":10,"limitation":10,"source_label":59},29483,"GALLIPRANT (grapiprant tablets) is indicated for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.",{"id":74,"kind":75,"statement":76,"species":10,"limitation":10,"source_label":59},29484,"contraindication","GALLIPRANT should not be used in dogs that have a hypersensitivity to grapiprant.",{"id":78,"kind":79,"statement":80,"species":10,"limitation":10,"source_label":59},29485,"warning","Not for use in humans. Keep this and all medications out of reach of children and pets. Consult a physician in case of accidental ingestion by humans. For use in dogs only. All dogs should undergo a thorough history and physical examination before the initiation of NSAID therapy. Appropriate laboratory tests to establish hematological and serum biochemical baseline data prior to and periodically during administration of any NSAID is recommended.\nOwners should be advised to observe for signs of potential drug toxicity (see\nAdverse Reactions\n,\nPost-Approval Experience\n, and\nAnimal Safety\n) and be given an “Information for Dog Owners” Sheet about GALLIPRANT.\nDo not administer GALLIPRANT in conjunction with any other oral or injectable NSAID or corticosteroid.\nKeep GALLIPRANT in a secure location out of reach of dogs, cats, and other animals to prevent accidental ingestion or overdose.",{"id":82,"kind":83,"statement":84,"species":10,"limitation":10,"source_label":59},29486,"adverse_reaction","In a controlled field study, 285 dogs were evaluated for safety when given either GALLIPRANT or a vehicle control (tablet minus grapiprant) at a dose of 2 mg\u002Fkg (0.9 mg\u002Flb) once daily for 28 days. GALLIPRANT-treated dogs ranged in age from 2 to 16.75 years. The following adverse reactions were observed:\nTable 1. Adverse reactions reported in the field study.\n*Dogs may have experienced more than one type or occurrence during the study.\nAdverse reaction*\nGALLIPRANT\n(grapiprant tablets)\nN = 141\nVehicle control\n(tablets minus grapiprant)\nN = 144\nVomiting\n24\n9\nDiarrhea, soft stool\n17\n13\nAnorexia, inappetence\n9\n7\nLethargy\n6\n2\nBuccal ulcer\n1\n0\nImmune mediated hemolytic anemia\n1\n0\nGALLIPRANT was used safely during the field studies with other concurrent therapies, including antibiotics, parasiticides and vaccinations.",{"id":86,"kind":87,"statement":88,"species":10,"limitation":10,"source_label":59},29487,"mechanism_of_action","Grapiprant is a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) EP4 receptor antagonist; a non- cyclooxygenase inhibiting, non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug. Grapiprant has a canine EP4 receptor binding affinity (Ki) of 24 nM.\nProstaglandins have a wide variety of physiologic effects. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a prostanoid that exerts its effects via four receptors, EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. PGE2 is involved in mediating inflammatory pain, vasodilation, increasing vascular permeability; as well as gastrointestinal homeostasis, renal function and reproductive functions. The EP4 receptor is important in mediating pain and inflammation as it is the primary mediator of the PGE2-elicited sensitization of sensory neurons1 and PGE2-elicited inflammation.2 Grapiprant blocks PGE2-elicited pain and inflammation by antagonizing the EP4 receptor.\nThe EP4 receptor, along with the EP1, EP2 and EP3 receptors, is involved in PGE2 mediated effects on gastrointestinal homeostasis and renal function. PGE2 effects mediated solely by the EP4 receptor are stimulation of mucus secretion in the stomach and large intestine, stimulation of acid secretion in the stomach, inhibition of small intestine motility and inhibition of cytokine expression in the large intestine.3 While PGE2 gastroprotective action is mediated by EP1, the healing- promoting action of PGE2 in the stomach is mediated by the EP4 receptor.4 In the kidney, the PGE2 antinatiuretic effect is mediated by the EP4 receptor.5\nEP4 receptors are abundantly expressed in the heart of dogs,6 the clinical relevance of which is unknown. The EP4 receptor is not involved in generation of pyrexia.\nGrapiprant is not a potential inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 mediated metabolism pathways. Grapiprant is a substrate of P-glycoprotein transport. In vitro metabolism with dog liver microsomes identified two oxidative metabolites, M3 (hydroxyl) and M5 (N-dealkylation).\nThe pharmacokinetic characterization of grapiprant following oral administration of GALLIPRANT tablets to healthy Beagles is provided in the table below.\nTable 2. Mean (±SD) Plasma Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Grapiprant in Beagles after single oral dose of GALLIPRANT tablet formulation\n1Study 1 was a food effect determination study.\n2Study 2 was a PK bridging study conducted using 60 mg GALLIPRANT tablets at 6 mg\u002Fkg dose and 5 X 100 mg GALLIPRANT tablets at 50 mg\u002Fkg dose.\n3Median (Range)\nStudy\nStudy 11\nStudy 11\nStudy 22\nStudy 22\nPK Parameter\n2 mg\u002Fkg\n(n = 10)\n(Fasted)\n2 mg\u002Fkg\n(n = 10)\n(Fed)\n6 mg\u002Fkg\n(n = 8)\n(Fasted)\n50 mg\u002Fkg\n(n = 8)\n(Fasted)\nTmax3\n(hr)\n1.0\n(0.5 – 1.03)\n1.0\n(0.5 – 8.07)\n1.0\n(1.0 – 2.0)\n2.0\n(1.0 – 4.0)\nCmax\n(ng\u002FmL)\n1210\n(341)\n278\n(179)\n5720\n(3220)\n98500\n(13100)\nAUC(0-inf)\n(ng*hr\u002FmL)\n2790\n(982)\n1200\n(523)\n17800\n(5520)\n414000\n(73700)\nT1\u002F2\n(hr)\n4.60\n(4.19)\n5.67\n(3.27)\n5.01\n(1.95)\n5.21\n(1.66)\nFed\u002FFasted Relative\nBioavailability Geometric\nMean Ratio of AUC\n(90% Confidence Limits)\n0.37 (0.28 – 0.46)\nNA\nGrapiprant is absorbed rapidly following an oral dose of the GALLIPRANT; with Cmax values achieved within approximately 2 hr post-dose (Tmax). Intake of the tablet with food significantly reduces the oral bioavailability, with mean Cmax and AUC grapiprant values reduced 4-fold and 2-fold, respectively. The systemic grapiprant exposure increases in a greater than dose proportional manner.\nThe mean terminal elimination half-life (T1\u002F2) ranges between 4.60 to 5.67 hr. Following once daily dosing, negligible drug accumulation in the blood is anticipated. Following an oral dose of radiolabeled grapiprant to dogs, the majority of the dose was excreted within the first 72 hr (84%) and approximately 88.7% of the dose was excreted in 192 hr. In a bile duct cannulated dog study, approximately 55.6%, 15.1% and 19.1% of the dose was excreted in bile, urine and feces, respectively, suggesting the high oral bioavailability of grapiprant in dogs (> 70%). Four metabolites were identified; two hydroxylated metabolites, one N-deamination metabolite (major metabolite urine (3.4%) and feces (7.2%)) and one N-oxidation metabolite. Metabolite activity is not known. Plasma protein binding of grapiprant was ~95%.",[90],{"id":91,"documentId":92,"slug":93,"name":94,"heading":95},1221,"32ei3s8n9mqxmu57za8456ca","other-antiinflammatory-and-antirheumatic-agents-non-steroids","Other antiinflammatory and antirheumatic agents, non-steroids","مضادات الالتهاب والروماتيزم الأخرى غير الستيرويدية",[],[98],{"id":99,"documentId":100,"slug":101,"title":102,"heading":103},342,"ljnochda65yq3jzl6r6dli3m","osteoarthritis","Osteoarthritis","الفُصال العظمي",[]]