[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"notifications-list":3,"$far2c3sojlwdf":5},{"data":4},[],{"data":6,"error":10},{"id":7,"documentId":8,"slug":9,"name":9,"proprietary_name":10,"non_proprietary_name":10,"is_proprietary":10,"active_ingredient":10,"administration_route":10,"available_strength":10,"dosage_form":10,"dose_schedule":10,"drug_unit":10,"is_available_generically":10,"mechanism_of_action":10,"overdosage":10,"warning":10,"species":11,"citations":12,"dose_schedules":23,"available_strengths":70,"label_statements":82,"drug_classes":138,"specialties":144,"medical_conditions":145,"animal_species":146},1847,"kdb2al17ti0kg98mp3owhdv2","zolazepam",null,[],[13,19],{"source":14,"licence":15,"source_url":16,"harvested_by":17,"retrieved_at":18},"FDA Green Book","US public domain","https:\u002F\u002Fanimaldrugsatfda.fda.gov\u002Fadafda\u002Fapp\u002Fsearch\u002Fpublic\u002FingredientsInformationExcel\u002FSection2ActiveIngredients","load-reference-corpus.cjs","2026-09-07",{"source":20,"licence":21,"source_url":22,"harvested_by":17,"retrieved_at":18},"UK VMD PID","OGL v3.0","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vmd.defra.gov.uk\u002Fproductinformationdatabase\u002Fdownloads\u002Fvmd_productinformationdatabase.xlsx",[24,31,36,40,44,47,51,54,59,62,65],{"id":25,"dose_text":26,"species":27,"administration_route":28,"limitation":29,"source_label":30},13629,"DogsIntramuscular (IM) For Restraint and MinorProcedures of Short Duration Requiring Mild toModerate Analgesia:In healthy dogs, an initial intramuscular dosage of 3 to 4.5 mg\u002Flb (6.6 to 9.9 mg\u002Fkg) TELAZOL is recommended for diagnostic purposes; 4.5 to 6 mg\u002Flb (9.9 to 13.2 mg\u002Fkg) for minor procedures of short duration, such as treatment of lacerations and wounds, castrations and other procedures requiring mild to moderate analgesia. When supplemental doses of TELAZOL are required, such individual supplemental doses should be less than the initial dose, and the total dose given (initial dose plus supplemental dose or doses) should not exceed 12 mg\u002Flb (26.4 mg\u002Fkg). The maximum safe dose is 13.6 mg\u002Flb (29.92 mg\u002Fkg). (See Animal Safety.) Results from TELAZOL anesthesia in dogs will be more satisfactory if theprocedures are completed within one hour and if the procedures can be completed following single dose administration. In order to maintain at least a 2X margin of safety in dogs, the use of this product is limited to procedures that call for low doses (see Indications). Studies show that there is variation in response to different dosages of TELAZOL and that low doses do not give adequate levels of anesthesia, and in some instances do not give adequate analgesia, for extensive procedures.Intravenous (IV) For Induction of Anesthesia Followed by Maintenance with an Inhalant Anesthetic:In dogs, for induction of anesthesia, administer TELAZOL intravenously at 1-2 mg\u002Flb (2.2-4.4 mg\u002Fkg) body weight to effect. TELAZOL should be administered slowly, over 30-45 seconds; after approximately 30-60 seconds, the dog’s level of consciousness, muscle relaxation, and jaw tone should be assessed to determine the ability to intubate. If after waiting 60 seconds the dog’s level of anesthesia is not sufficient for successful intubation, additional TELAZOL may be administered; the total dose should not exceed 2 mg\u002Flb (4.4 mg\u002Fkg) body weight.","Dogs","Intravenous","Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.","Telazol®",{"id":32,"dose_text":33,"species":27,"administration_route":34,"limitation":10,"source_label":35},13630,"The addition of 5 mL of sterile water for injection results in each one mL containing 50 mg tiletamine and 50 mg zolazepam.an initial intramuscular dosage of 3 to 4.5 mg\u002Flb (6.6 to 9.9 mg\u002Fkg) is recommended for diagnostic purposes; 4.5 to 6 mg\u002Flb (9.9 to 13.2 mg\u002Fkg) for minor procedures of short duration, such as treatment of lacerations and wounds, castrations and other procedures requiring mild to moderate analgesia. When supplemental doses are required, such individual supplemental doses should be less than the initial dose, and the total dose given (initial dose plus supplemental dose or doses) should not exceed 12 mg\u002Flb (26.4 mg\u002Fkg). The maximum safe dose is 13.6 mg\u002Flb (29.92 mg\u002Fkg).","Intramuscular, Intravenous","Tzed™",{"id":37,"dose_text":38,"species":27,"administration_route":34,"limitation":10,"source_label":39},13631,"Intravenous (IV) (dogs only) For Induction of Anesthesia Followed by Maintenance with an Inhalant Anesthetic:\nIn dogs, for induction of anesthesia, administer at 1–2 mg\u002Flb (2.2–4.4 mg\u002Fkg) body weight to effect. Should be administered slowly, over 30-45 seconds; after approximately 30-60 seconds, the dog’s level of consciousness, muscle relaxation, and jaw tone should be assessed to determine the ability to intubate. If after waiting 60 seconds the dog’s level of anesthesia is not sufficient for successful intubation, additional Zoletil for Injection may be administered; the total dose should not exceed 2 mg\u002Flb (4.4 mg\u002Fkg) body weight.","ZOLETIL®",{"id":41,"dose_text":42,"species":27,"administration_route":34,"limitation":43,"source_label":39},13632,"In healthy dogs, an initial intramuscular dosage of 3 to 4.5 mg\u002Flb (6.6 to 9.9mg\u002Fkg) is recommended for diagnostic purposes; 4.5 to 6 mg\u002Flb (9.9 to 13.2mg\u002Fkg) for minor procedures of short duration, such as treatment of lacerations and wounds, castrations and other procedures requiring mild to moderate analgesia. When supplemental doses are required, such individual supplemental doses should be less than the initial dose, and the total dose given (initial dose plus supplemental dose or doses) should not exceed 12 mg\u002Flb (26.4 mg\u002Fkg).The maximum safe dose is 13.6 mg\u002Flb (29.92 mg\u002Fkg).","Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. Not for use in dogs with pancreatic disease. Not for use in dogs with severe cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction. Not for use in pregnant bitches at any stage of pregnancy. Not for use for Cesarean sections. The dosage should be reduced in geriatric dogs, in animals in debilitated condition, and in animals with impairment of renal function.",{"id":45,"dose_text":46,"species":27,"administration_route":34,"limitation":10,"source_label":35},13633,"Administer Tzed intravenously at 1–2 mg\u002Flb (2.2–4.4 mg\u002Fkg) body weight to effect. Tzed should be administered slowly, over 30-45 seconds; after approximately 30-60 seconds, the dog’s level of consciousness, muscle relaxation, and jaw tone should be assessed to determine the ability to intubate. If after waiting 60 seconds the dog’s level of anesthesia is not sufficient for successful intubation, additional Tzed may be administered; the total dose should not exceed 2 mg\u002Flb (4.4 mg\u002Fkg) body weight.",{"id":48,"dose_text":49,"species":50,"administration_route":34,"limitation":10,"source_label":35},13634,"The addition of 5 mL of sterile water for injection results in each one mL containing 50 mg tiletamine and 50 mg zolazepam an initial dosage of 4.4 to 5.4 mg\u002Flb (9.7 to 11.9mg\u002Fkg) is recommended for such procedures as dentistry, treatment of abscesses, foreign body removal and related types of surgery; 4.8 to 5.7 mg\u002Flb (10.6 to 12.5 mg\u002Fkg) for minor procedures requiring mild to moderate analgesia, such as repair of lacerations, castrations and other procedures of short duration. Initial dosages of 6.5 to 7.2 mg\u002Flb (14.3 to 15.8 mg\u002Fkg) are recommended for ovariohysterectomy and onychectomy. When supplemental doses are required, such individual supplemental doses should be given in increments that are less than the initial dose, and the total dose given (initial dose plus supplemental doses) should not exceed the maximum allowable safe dose of 32.7 mg\u002Flb (72 mg\u002Fkg).","Cats",{"id":52,"dose_text":53,"species":50,"administration_route":28,"limitation":29,"source_label":30},13635,"In healthy cats, an initial TELAZOL dosage of 4.4 to 5.4 mg\u002Flb (9.7 to 11.9 mg\u002Fkg) IM is recommended for such procedures as dentistry, treatment of abscesses, foreign body removal and related types of surgery; 4.8 to 5.7 mg\u002Flb (10.6 to 12.5 mg\u002Fkg) for minor procedures requiring mild to moderate analgesia, such as repair of lacerations, castrations and other procedures of short duration. Initial dosages of 6.5 to 7.2 mg\u002Flb (14.3 to 15.8 mg\u002Fkg) are recommended for ovario hysterectomy and onychectomy. When supplemental doses of TELAZOL are required, such individual supplemental doses should be given in increments that are less than the initial dose, and the total dose given (initial dose plus supplemental doses) should not exceed the maximum allowable safe dose of 32.7 mg\u002Flb (72 mg\u002Fkg). (See Animal Safety.)",{"id":55,"dose_text":56,"species":10,"administration_route":57,"limitation":10,"source_label":58},13636,"The dose is determined by the total combined concentration of 100 mg\u002FmL (see HOW SUPPLIED)\nDogs\nIntramuscular (IM) For Restraint and Minor Procedures of Short Duration Requiring Mild to Moderate Analgesia:\nIn healthy dogs, an initial intramuscular dosage of 3 to 4.5 mg\u002Flb (6.6 to 9.9 mg\u002Fkg) ZOLETIL is recommended for diagnostic\npurposes; 4.5 to 6 mg\u002Flb (9.9 to 13.2 mg\u002Fkg) for minor procedures of short duration, such as treatment of lacerations and\nwounds, castrations and other procedures requiring mild to moderate analgesia. When supplemental doses of ZOLETIL are\nrequired, such individual supplemental doses should be less than the initial dose, and the total dose given (initial dose plus\nsupplemental dose or doses) should not exceed 12 mg\u002Flb (26.4 mg\u002Fkg). The maximum safe dose is 13.6 mg\u002Flb (29.92 mg\u002Fkg).\n(See ANIMAL SAFETY.) Results from ZOLETIL anesthesia in dogs will be more satisfactory if the procedures are completed\nwithin one hour and if the procedures can be completed following single dose administration. In order to maintain at least a\n2X margin of safety in dogs, the use of this product is limited to procedures that call for low doses (see INDICATIONS).\nStudies show that there is variation in response to different dosages of tiletamine and zolazepam for injection and that low doses\ndo not give adequate levels of anesthesia, and in some instances do not give adequate analgesia, for extensive procedures.\nIntravenous (IV) For Induction of Anesthesia Followed by Maintenance with an Inhalant Anesthetic:\nIn dogs, for induction of anesthesia, administer ZOLETIL intravenously at 1-2 mg\u002Flb (2.2-4.4 mg\u002Fkg) body weight to effect.\nZOLETIL should be administered slowly, over 30-45 seconds; after approximately 30-60 seconds, the dog’s level of\nconsciousness, muscle relaxation, and jaw tone should be assessed to determine the ability to intubate. If after waiting\n60 seconds the dog’s level of anesthesia is not sufficient for successful intubation, additional ZOLETIL may be administered;\nthe total dose should not exceed 2 mg\u002Flb (4.4 mg\u002Fkg) body weight.\nCats\nIn healthy cats, an initial ZOLETIL dosage of 4.4 to 5.4 mg\u002Flb (9.7 to 11.9 mg\u002Fkg) IM is recommended for such procedures as\ndentistry, treatment of abscesses, foreign body removal and related types of surgery; 4.8 to 5.7 mg\u002Flb (10.6 to 12.5 mg\u002Fkg)\nfor minor procedures requiring mild to moderate analgesia, such as repair of lacerations, castrations and other procedures\nof short duration. Initial dosages of 6.5 to 7.2 mg\u002Flb (14.3 to 15.8 mg\u002Fkg) are recommended for ovariohysterectomy and\nonychectomy. When supplemental doses of ZOLETIL are required, such individual supplemental doses should be given\nin increments that are less than the initial dose, and the total dose given (initial dose plus supplemental doses) should not\nexceed the maximum allowable safe dose of 32.7 mg\u002Flb (72 mg\u002Fkg). (See ANIMAL SAFETY.)","INTRAMUSCULAR, INTRAVENOUS","ZOLETIL® (tiletamine and zolazepam for injection)",{"id":60,"dose_text":61,"species":10,"administration_route":57,"limitation":10,"source_label":58},13637,"Fasting prior to induction of general anesthesia with ZOLETIL is not essential; however, when preparing for elective surgery,\nit is advisable to withhold food for at least 12 hours prior to ZOLETIL administration. As with other injectable anesthetic\nagents, the individual response to ZOLETIL is somewhat varied, depending upon the dose, general physical condition\nand age of the patient, duration of the surgical procedure, and any preanesthetics used. Therefore, recommendations for\ndosage regimens cannot be fixed absolutely. Specific dosage requirements must be determined by evaluation of the health\nstatus and condition of the patient and of the procedure to be performed.\nRecovery varies with the age and physical condition of the animal and the dose of ZOLETIL administered. Recovery is\nextended with high dose or multiple injections, particularly in cats.\nIntramuscular injection in dogs and cats:\nThere may be pain on injection. This is especially prevalent in cats.\nFollowing a single, deep intramuscular injection of ZOLETIL in cats and dogs, onset of anesthetic effect usually occurs within\n5 to 12 minutes. Muscle relaxation is optimum for approximately the first 20 to 25 minutes after ZOLETIL is administered,\nand then diminishes.\nRepeated doses increase the duration of the effect of ZOLETIL but may not further diminish muscle tone. The quality of\nanesthesia with repeated doses varies because the ratio of the two components within the animal’s body changes with\neach injection. This is due to the difference in the rates of metabolism and elimination of the two components. The quality\nof anesthesia will be improved and more predictable if the entire dose is given as a single injection rather than in several\ndoses. The best method of evaluating the depth of ZOLETIL anesthesia is to monitor the patient for deliberate conscious\nresponse to nociceptive stimuli.\nIf adequate anesthesia is not produced by the recommended dosage regimen, supplemental anesthesia or another agent is\nindicated. This includes the use of barbiturates and volatile anesthetics. When used concurrently with ZOLETIL the dosage\nof these agents should be reduced.",{"id":63,"dose_text":64,"species":10,"administration_route":57,"limitation":10,"source_label":58},13638,"To each vial add 5 mL sterile water for injection, USP. Slight agitation will facilitate complete reconstitution. The resultant\nsolution will contain 100 mg total ZOLETIL per one milliliter (50 mg tiletamine and 50 mg zolazepam per mL).\nDiscard unused solution after 4 days when stored at room temperature or after 70 days when kept refrigerated. Only use clear\nsolution. Color of solution may vary from colorless to light amber.",{"id":66,"dose_text":67,"species":10,"administration_route":68,"limitation":10,"source_label":69},13639,"The dose is determined by the total combined concentration of 100 mg\u002FmL (see HOW SUPPLIED)","INTRAMUSCULAR","Telazol® CIII(tiletamine and zolazepam for injection)",[71,75,77,80],{"id":72,"strength_text":73,"dosage_form":74,"proprietary_name":30,"species":27,"source_label":30},11869,"Tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride for injection when reconstituted with sterile distilled water provides tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride equivalent to 50 milligrams of tiletamine base and 50 milligrams of zolazepam base per milliliter of solution.","Injectable Solution",{"id":76,"strength_text":73,"dosage_form":74,"proprietary_name":30,"species":50,"source_label":30},11870,{"id":78,"strength_text":79,"dosage_form":74,"proprietary_name":39,"species":27,"source_label":39},11871,"The addition of 5 mL sterile water for injection, USP results in each one mL containing 50 mg tiletamine and 50 mg zolazepam.",{"id":81,"strength_text":79,"dosage_form":74,"proprietary_name":39,"species":50,"source_label":39},11872,[83,87,90,93,96,99,103,106,110,114,117,121,124,127,130,134],{"id":84,"kind":85,"statement":86,"species":27,"limitation":29,"source_label":30},19976,"indication","TELAZOL is indicated in dogs for restraint and minor procedures of short duration (30 min. avg.) requiring mild to moderate analgesia. Minor surgery is considered to be laceration repair, draining of abscesses, castrations and other procedures requiring mild to moderate analgesia.(See Dogs under Dosage and Administration.)TELAZOL administered intravenously is indicated in dogs for induction of anesthesia followed by maintenance with an inhalant anesthetic.",{"id":88,"kind":85,"statement":89,"species":27,"limitation":10,"source_label":35},19977,"Tzed™ is indicated in dogs for restraint and minor procedures of short duration (30 min. avg.) requiring mild to moderate analgesia.",{"id":91,"kind":85,"statement":92,"species":27,"limitation":43,"source_label":39},19978,"For restraint and minor procedures of short duration (30 min. avg.) requiring mild to moderate analgesia.",{"id":94,"kind":85,"statement":95,"species":27,"limitation":10,"source_label":39},19979,"Indicated for induction of anesthesia followed by maintenance with an inhalant anesthetic.",{"id":97,"kind":85,"statement":98,"species":50,"limitation":29,"source_label":30},19980,"TELAZOL is indicated in cats for restraint or for anesthesia combined with muscle relaxation.",{"id":100,"kind":85,"statement":101,"species":50,"limitation":102,"source_label":39},19981,"For restraint or for anesthesia combined with muscle relaxation.","Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. Not for use in cats with pancreatic disease. Not for use in cats with severe cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction. Not for use in pregnant queens at any stage of pregnancy. Not for use for Cesarean sections. Not recommended for use in cats suffering from renal insufficiency. The dosage should be reduced in geriatric cats, in animals in debilitated condition, and in animals with impairment of renal function.",{"id":104,"kind":85,"statement":105,"species":10,"limitation":10,"source_label":69},19982,"Dogs\nTELAZOL is indicated in dogs for restraint and minor procedures of short duration (30 min. avg.) requiring mild to moderate analgesia. Minor surgery is considered to be laceration repair, draining of abscesses, castrations and other procedures requiring mild to moderate analgesia. (See Dogs under Dosage and Administration.) TELAZOL administered intravenously is indicated in dogs for induction of anesthesia followed by maintenance with an inhalant anesthetic.\nCats\nTELAZOL is indicated in cats for restraint or for anesthesia combined with muscle relaxation.",{"id":107,"kind":85,"statement":108,"species":10,"limitation":10,"source_label":109},19983,"Federal (USA) law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.","Tzed™ CIII (tiletamine and zolazepam for injection)",{"id":111,"kind":112,"statement":113,"species":10,"limitation":10,"source_label":69},19984,"contraindication","The use of TELAZOL is contraindicated in dogs and cats with pancreatic disease. TELAZOL is excreted predominantly by the kidneys. Preexistent renal pathology or impairment of renal function may be expected to result in prolonged duration of anesthesia. TELAZOL should not be used in dogs and cats with severe cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction. Because the teratogenic potential of TELAZOL is unknown, it should not be used in pregnant bitches or queens at any stage of pregnancy. Also, a study has shown that TELAZOL crosses the placental barrier and produces respiratory depression in the newborn; therefore, its use for Cesarean section is contraindicated.",{"id":115,"kind":112,"statement":116,"species":10,"limitation":10,"source_label":58},19985,"The use of ZOLETIL is contraindicated in dogs and cats with pancreatic disease. ZOLETIL should not be used in dogs and cats\nwith severe cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction.\nBecause the teratogenic potential of ZOLETIL is unknown, it should not be used in pregnant bitches or queens at any stage\nof pregnancy. Also, a study has shown that tiletamine and zolazepam for injection crosses the placental barrier and produces\nrespiratory depression in the newborn; therefore, its use for Cesarean section is contraindicated.",{"id":118,"kind":119,"statement":120,"species":10,"limitation":10,"source_label":58},19986,"warning","FOR USE IN DOGS AND CATS ONLY.\nWhen using ZOLETIL for induction of anesthesia, patients should be continuously monitored. Facilities for the maintenance\nof a patent airway, artificial ventilation and oxygen supplementation should be available.\nPulmonary edema has been reported to occur in cats with the use of tiletamine and zolazepam for injection. Signs and\nsymptoms include dyspnea, lethargy, anorexia and abnormal behavior. Deaths have been reported occasionally in severely\naffected individuals. Cats should be observed closely for any signs and symptoms which may suggest pulmonary edema so\nthat appropriate therapy may be instituted.\nThe principal route of excretion of both components in the cat is the urine; therefore, ZOLETIL is not recommended for use in\ncats suffering from renal insufficiency.\nBalance studies in dogs indicated extensive biotransformation of both components with less than 4% of the dose excreted\nunchanged in the urine.\nZOLETIL is excreted predominantly by the kidneys. Preexistent renal pathology or impairment of renal function may be\nexpected to result in prolonged duration of anesthesia.\nPhenothiazine-derivative drugs should not be used with ZOLETIL at dosages indicated for intramuscular (IM) injection because\nthe combination produces respiratory and myocardial depression, hypotension and hypothermia.\nThe safe use of ZOLETIL in pregnant animals or on reproduction has not been established. ZOLETIL crosses the placental\nbarrier and causes respiratory depression in the neonate.",{"id":122,"kind":119,"statement":123,"species":10,"limitation":10,"source_label":109},19987,"FOR USE IN DOGS AND CATS ONLY.\nWhen using Tzed for induction of anesthesia, patients should be continuously monitored. Facilities for the maintenance of a patent airway, artificial ventilation and oxygen supplementation should be available.\nPulmonary edema has been reported to occur in cats with the use of tiletamine and zolazepam for injection. Signs and symptoms include dyspnea, lethargy, anorexia and abnormal behavior. Deaths have been reported occasionally in severely affected individuals. Cats should be observed closely for any signs and symptoms which may suggest pulmonary edema so that appropriate therapy may be instituted.\nThe principal route of excretion of both components in the cat is the urine; therefore, Tzed is not recommended for use in cats suffering from renal insufficiency.\nBalance studies in dogs indicated extensive biotransformation of both components with less than 4% of the dose excreted unchanged in the urine.\nTzed is excreted predominantly by the kidneys. Preexistent renal pathology or impairment of renal function may be expected to result in prolonged duration of anesthesia.\nPhenothiazine-derivative drugs should not be used with Tzed at dosages indicated for intramuscular (IM) injection because the combination produces respiratory and myocardial depression, hypotension and hypothermia.\nThe safe use of Tzed in pregnant animals or on reproduction has not been established. Tzed crosses the placental barrier and causes respiratory depression in the neonate.",{"id":125,"kind":119,"statement":126,"species":10,"limitation":10,"source_label":69},19988,"FOR USE IN DOGS AND CATS ONLY.\nWhen using TELAZOL for induction of anesthesia,\npatients should be continuously monitored.\nFacilities for the maintenance of a patent airway,\nartificial ventilation and oxygen supplementation\nshould be available.\nPulmonary edema has been reported to occur in\ncats with the use of TELAZOL. Signs and symptoms\ninclude dyspnea, lethargy, anorexia and abnormal\nbehavior. Deaths have been reported occasionally\nin severely affected individuals. Cats should be\nobserved closely for any signs and symptoms\nwhich may suggest pulmonary edema so that\nappropriate therapy may be instituted.\nThe principal route of excretion of both\ncomponents in the cat is the urine; therefore,\nTELAZOL is not recommended for use in cats\nsuffering from renal insufficiency.\nBalance studies in dogs indicated extensive\nbiotransformation of both components with less\nthan 4% of the dose excreted unchanged in the\nurine.\nTELAZOL is excreted predominantly by the\nkidneys. Preexistent renal pathology or\nimpairment of renal function may be expected to\nresult in prolonged duration of anesthesia.\nPhenothiazine-derivative drugs should not\nbe used with TELAZOL at dosages indicated\nfor intramuscular (IM) injection because the\ncombination produces respiratory and myocardial\ndepression, hypotension and hypothermia.\nThe safe use of TELAZOL in pregnant animals\nor on reproduction has not been established.\nTELAZOL crosses the placental barrier and causes\nrespiratory depression in the neonate.",{"id":128,"kind":119,"statement":129,"species":10,"limitation":10,"source_label":58},19989,"100 mg\u002FmL total (equivalent to 50 mg\u002FmL tiletamine and 50 mg\u002FmL zolazepam)\nFor Intramuscular and Intravenous Injection in Dogs\nFor Intramuscular Injection only in Cats",{"id":131,"kind":132,"statement":133,"species":10,"limitation":10,"source_label":58},19990,"adverse_reaction","For Restraint and Minor Procedures of Short Duration Requiring Mild to Moderate Analgesia\nRespiratory depression may occur following administration of high doses of ZOLETIL. If at any time respiration becomes excessively\ndepressed and the animal becomes cyanotic, resuscitative measures should be instituted promptly. Adequate pulmonary\nventilation using either oxygen or room air is recommended as a resuscitative measure.\nAdverse reactions reported include emesis during emergence, excessive salivation, transient apnea, vocalization, erratic\nrecovery and prolonged recovery, excessive tracheal and bronchial secretions when atropine sulfate, was not given before\nanesthesia, involuntary muscular twitching, hypertonicity, cyanosis, cardiac arrest, pulmonary edema and muscle rigidity\nduring surgical procedures. Central nervous system stimulation and convulsions have also been reported. Tachycardia\nfrequently occurs, particularly in the dog. This rise in heart rate usually lasts about 30 minutes. Either hypertension or\nhypotension may also occur. Insufficient anesthesia has been reported in dogs. Death has been reported in dogs and cats\nfollowing tiletamine and zolazepam for injection administration.\nIntravenous Induction of Anesthesia followed by Maintenance with Inhalant Anesthesia in Dogs\nIn a field study to assess the effectiveness and safety of tiletamine and zolazepam for injection administered intravenously\nat 1-2 mg\u002Flb (2.2-4.4 mg\u002Fkg) for the induction of anesthesia followed by maintenance with inhalant anesthesia in dogs,\n144 dogs were intravenously administered tiletamine and zolazepam for injection (See EFFECTIVENESS). Sixteen adverse\nreactions occurred during the study: nystagmus (5), emesis (4), diarrhea (2), and one occurrence each of hypersalivation,\nurticaria, anorexia, hyperthermia, and lethargy. All adverse reactions resolved by the end of the study.\nPhysiologic abnormalities related to general anesthesia were transient and not severe.\nPost-induction apnea (time from induction to first inspiration ≥30 seconds) was observed in 49.3% of dogs across all treatment\ngroups with a mean duration of one minute. The highest overall frequency and duration of post-induction apnea was in the\nalpha2-agonist + opioid groups.\nOverall, 36 dogs received assisted ventilation. Assisted ventilation was needed most frequently early in the procedure\n(at procedure start, possibly after an apneic period) then decreased in frequency as the procedure continued.\nSixteen dogs experienced oxygen saturation (SpO2) ≤90 mmHg: 7 in the alpha2\n-agonist + opioid groups, 6 in the phenothiazine\n+opioid groups, and 3 in the opioid alone groups.\nTwenty-five dogs had a temperature ≥103°F during the study, with 12 of these occurring prior to preanesthetic administration\nonly. Of the remaining 13 dogs, 7 were in the alpha2-agonist + opioid groups, 5 were in the opioid alone groups, and 1 in the\nphenothiazine + opioid groups. One dog was reported with hyperthermia as an adverse reaction in the alpha2\n-agonist + opioid\ntreatment groups. The dog became excitable during recovery and its temperature elevated to 105.7°F. Hyperthermia resolved\nwith treatment of IV fluids and cooling.\nTwenty-seven dogs experienced temperatures ≤96°F at one or more timepoints. Most dogs received supplemental heat\nduring surgery.\nFifty-nine dogs had mean blood pressure (BP) values ≤60 mmHg. These values are spread among all treatment groups.\nNo dogs were reported with adverse reactions due to hypotension or hypertension in any dose groups. Elevated or low BP\nvalues were transient.\nVentricular premature depolarizations were noted in 3 dogs in the alpha2-agonist + opioid group. This transient rhythm\ndisturbance is not uncommon in dogs receiving alpha2\n-agonists or inhalant anesthetics. One dog in the phenothiazine + opioid\ngroup showed transient ST depression that could have been due to cardiac hypoxia. All dogs recovered normally.\nTo report suspected adverse drug events or for technical assistance contact Virbac AH, Inc. at 1-800-338-3659.\nVisit vet-us.virbac.com for product details.\nFor additional information about adverse drug experience reporting for animal drugs, contact FDA at 1-888-FDA-VETS or\nonline at www.fda.gov\u002Freportanimalae.",{"id":135,"kind":136,"statement":137,"species":10,"limitation":10,"source_label":58},19991,"mechanism_of_action","Mechanism of Action\nZOLETIL® (tiletamine and zolazepam for injection) is a rapid-acting anesthetic combination of tiletamine hydrochloride\nand zolazepam hydrochloride. Tiletamine hydrochloride is a dissociative anesthetic agent whose pharmacologic action is\ncharacterized by profound analgesia, normal pharyngeal-laryngeal reflexes and cataleptoid anesthesia.\nThe anesthetic state produced does not fit into the conventional classification of stages of anesthesia, but instead ZOLETIL\nproduces a state of unconsciousness which has been termed “dissociative’’ anesthesia in that it appears to selectively\ninterrupt association pathways to the brain before producing somesthetic sensory blockade.\nCranial nerve and spinal reflexes remain active; however, these reflexes must not be confused with inadequate anesthesia.\nAnalgesia results from apparent selective interruption of sensory inputs to the brain and usually persists after the anesthetic\neffect has subsided.\nProtective reflexes, such as coughing and swallowing, are maintained under tiletamine anesthesia. Other reflexes, e.g.,\ncorneal, pedal, are maintained during tiletamine anesthesia, and should not be used as criteria for judging depth of\nanesthesia. The eyes normally remain open with the pupil dilated. It is suggested that a bland ophthalmic ointment be\napplied to the cornea if anesthesia is to be prolonged.\nUsed alone, tiletamine hydrochloride does not provide adequate muscle relaxation for abdominal surgical procedures.\nWhen combined with zolazepam hydrochloride, good muscle relaxation is generally attained during the phase of deep\nsurgical anesthesia.\nPharmacokinetics\nThe pharmacokinetics of tiletamine and zolazepam for injection, injectable solution was evaluated in 12 healthy adult Beagle\ndogs, following a single intravenous (IV) administration of 2.2 mg\u002Fkg bodyweight, which is equivalent to 1.1 mg\u002Fkg for both\ntiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride. After administration of 2.2 mg\u002Fkg tiletamine and zolazepam for injection IV, the initial mean concentration of tiletamine (C\n0\n) was 1018 ng\u002FmL, the systemic clearance (CL) was 6223 mL\u002Fkg\u002Fh, the area under the curve to the last measured concentration (AUC\n0-last\n) was 178 ng*hr\u002FmL, and steady state volume of distribution (V\nss\n) was 3250 mL\u002Fkg. The mean elimination half-life of tiletamine was 0.87 hours. For zolazepam, the mean C\n0\nwas 2594 ng\u002FmL, CL was 1993 mL\u002Fkg\u002Fh and V\nss\nwas 604 mL\u002Fkg. The mean elimination half-life of zolazepam was 0.41 hours. The mean C\n0\nand AUC\n0-t(last)\nwere approximately 2.5 and 3 times, respectively, greater for zolazepam than for tiletamine. However, the mean half-life (T\n1\u002F2\n) of tiletamine was approximately 2.5 times longer than for zolazepam, resulting in quantifiable plasma concentrations up to 2 hours longer.\nPretreatment with an alpha2\n-agonist or phenothiazine followed by inhalant isoflurane has been shown to increase in the\ninitial concentration of both tiletamine and zolazepam.",[139],{"id":140,"documentId":141,"slug":142,"name":143},814,"zizgm2kysdx3spv2oqnq90yc","gaba-a-modulators","GABA A Modulators",[],[],[]]