[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"reference-medical-conditions-{\"species\":\"horse\"}":3},{"data":4,"meta":1222},[5,107,174,223,247,267,316,357,380,409,435,485,508,537,606,651,679,725,792,825,850,902,948,978,1005,1089,1112,1164,1187],{"title":6,"id":7,"documentId":8,"heading":9,"slug":10,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":12,"is_zoonotic":13,"citations":14,"drugs":73},"Anaplasmosis",293,"cjkmjqu2zevxweofeb9inwzc","داء الأنابلازما","anaplasmosis",null,"تشمل الأعضاء والأنسجة المرتبطة بداء الأنابلازما لدى المجترات كريات الدم الحمراء، والأغشية المخاطية، والطحال والكبد والمرارة والعقد اللمفية الكبدية والمنصفية لدى الأبقار النافقة، والجهاز التناسلي، إذ قد يحدث الإجهاض لدى الإناث والعقم المؤقت لدى الذكور. تصيب Anaplasma platys لدى الكلبيات الصفيحات الدموية والخلايا المنوّاة العملاقة (megakaryocytes)، وتمسّ في الكلاب العين والغشاء المخاطي للفم والجلد والعقد اللمفية والطحال، بينما تصيب A. phagocytophilum العدلات لدى فقاريات مختلفة.",true,[15,22,27,32,36,40,45,50,54,61,64,67,70],{"claims":16,"source":17,"licence":18,"source_url":19,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"genus taxonomy, A. marginale in red cells, tick and mechanical vectors, no human infection with A. marginale, distinction from babesiosis, A. centrale vaccine","WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2024 - Chapter 3.4.1 Bovine anaplasmosis","(c) WOAH, free to consult","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.04.01_BOVINE_ANAPLASMOSIS.pdf","load-reference-corpus.cjs","2026-09-17",{"claims":23,"source":24,"licence":25,"source_url":26,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"A. phagocytophilum as human pathogen carried by Ixodes ticks, tick prevention, doxycycline as treatment of choice in people","CDC - About Anaplasmosis","not stated on source page (US federal government work)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fanaplasmosis\u002Fabout\u002Findex.html",{"claims":28,"source":29,"licence":30,"source_url":31,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"A. platys and A. phagocytophilum target cells, vectors, host range, clinical signs in dogs, co-infections, tetracyclines, acaricides, zoonotic status","Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Control of Canine Infectious Cyclic Thrombocytopenia and Granulocytic Anaplasmosis - Europe PMC full text","CC BY 4.0","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC8705095\u002F",{"claims":33,"source":34,"licence":30,"source_url":35,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"A. ovis in red cells, signs in small ruminants, Tunisian prevalence and vectors, seasonality","Anaplasma ovis Prevalence Assessment and Cross Validation Using Multiparametric Screening Approach in Sheep from Central Tunisia - Europe PMC full text","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC9693597\u002F",{"claims":37,"source":38,"licence":30,"source_url":39,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"A. marginale prevalence and July peak in northern Algeria","Bovine piroplasmosis-anaplasmosis and clinical signs of tropical theileriosis in the plains of Djurdjura (north Algeria) - Europe PMC full text","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7738714\u002F",{"claims":41,"source":42,"licence":43,"source_url":44,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"adult cattle mortality, early tetracycline treatment, clinical signs","University of Illinois Extension - Anaplasmosis (Beef Cattle)","not stated on source page","https:\u002F\u002Fextension.illinois.edu\u002Fbeef-cattle\u002Fanaplasmosis",{"claims":46,"source":47,"licence":48,"source_url":49,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"age-related severity, needle transmission, transplacental carriers, herd-addition testing","Alabama Cooperative Extension System - Bovine Anaplasmosis","(c) 2026 Alabama Cooperative Extension System","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aces.edu\u002Fblog\u002Ftopics\u002Fbeef\u002Fbovine-anaplasmosis\u002F",{"claims":51,"source":52,"licence":43,"source_url":53,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"confirms A. ovis in sheep and goats, extravascular red-cell destruction, necropsy lesions, ruminant differentials","MSD Veterinary Manual - Anaplasmosis in Ruminants (confirmation only)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Fcirculatory-system\u002Fblood-parasites\u002Fanaplasmosis-in-ruminants",{"claims":55,"source":56,"licence":57,"source_url":58,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Arabic article (body)","MSD Veterinary Manual - Anaplasmosis in Ruminants","facts cited; the Arabic article is original text","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.msdvetmanual.com\u002Fcirculatory-system\u002Fblood-parasites\u002Fanaplasmosis-in-ruminants","apply-chain-articles.cjs","2026-10-14",{"claims":55,"source":62,"licence":57,"source_url":63,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2005)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3367650\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":65,"licence":57,"source_url":66,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Anaplasma platys beyond canines: a systematic review of host range, phylogenetic relatedness, and knowledge gaps in Africa (Parasites & Vectors, 2026)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC13020140\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":68,"licence":57,"source_url":69,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Anaplasma phagocytophilum - a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies (Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2013)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3717505\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":71,"licence":57,"source_url":72,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Opening the black box of Anaplasma phagocytophilum diversity: current situation and future perspectives (Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2015)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4536383\u002F",[74,79,85,91,96,101],{"id":75,"documentId":76,"slug":77,"name":77,"heading":78},2094,"it07okh9q018mzk26lcmwctw","chlortetracycline","كلورتتراسيكلين",{"id":80,"documentId":81,"slug":82,"name":83,"heading":84},2124,"ffmipbw0zab57q6fzpuqjz4s","enrofloxacin","Enrofloxacin","إنروفلوكساسين",{"id":86,"documentId":87,"slug":88,"name":89,"heading":90},2180,"mobwje6owluqel8b1iwtnnj6","oxytetracycline","Oxytetracycline","أوكسي تتراسيكلين",{"id":92,"documentId":93,"slug":94,"name":94,"heading":95},1938,"vmr1amidiikn44p5wfuwkk04","imidocarb","إيميدوكارب",{"id":97,"documentId":98,"slug":99,"name":99,"heading":100},2225,"caokmdlctsumv3pue1d5tlea","tetracycline","تتراسيكلين",{"id":102,"documentId":103,"slug":104,"name":105,"heading":106},2119,"qz64jsk6gakygq5c26u8crhn","doxycycline","Doxycycline","دوكسيسيكلين",{"title":108,"id":109,"documentId":110,"heading":111,"slug":112,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":113,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":114,"drugs":137},"Anthrax",300,"qq5jnjusd9g94oai5ixdfqn0","الجمرة الخبيثة","anthrax","تنتقل عصيات الجمرة الخبيثة (anthrax) عبر القنوات اللمفاوية إلى العقد اللمفاوية ثم تنتشر في الدوران مسببة تسمم الدم وإصابة الأعضاء الداخلية، وتشمل الآفات بعد النفوق الطحال المتضخم اللين، والنزوف على السطوح المصلية للبطن والصدر وعلى النخاب والشغاف ومخاطية القناة الهضمية، واحتقان الكبد والكليتين والعقد اللمفاوية وتضخمها. تتأثر كذلك الأنسجة تحت الجلد والحلق، فقد تظهر وذمة حول الحلق والرقبة، وتورمات وذمية تحت الجلد لدى بعض المجترات في أسفل الرقبة والصدر والكتفين وأحيانًا الأعضاء التناسلية، ويتورم الحلق في الخنازير عند إصابة البلعوم الفموي، وقد توجد آفات في العقد اللمفاوية الرقبية واللوزتين لدى خنازير سليمة ظاهريًا عند الذبح. تشمل المواضع الأخرى الأمعاء، إذ قد تسبب إصابتها فقدان الشهية والقيء والإسهال الدموي أحيانًا أو الإمساك، والرئتين لدى الخنانيص التي تصاب بالشكل الرئوي باستنشاق الغبار الملوث، والجلد فيما بدا شكلًا جلديًا لدى بعض الأبقار الملقحة سابقًا خلال فاشية في كندا.",[115,119,123,128,134],{"claims":116,"source":117,"licence":18,"source_url":118,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"agent, spore persistence, host range, ingestion route, worldwide distribution, species signs, carcass signs, diagnosis, vaccination, antibiotics, carcass control, zoonosis, WOAH-listed","WOAH - Anthrax disease page","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fen\u002Fdisease\u002Fanthrax\u002F",{"claims":120,"source":121,"licence":30,"source_url":122,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"pathogenesis and toxins, susceptibility order, endemic regions and weather triggers, clinical signs, necropsy findings, differentials, field antibiotics, poor prognosis, Sterne vaccine, carcass disposal","Review of anthrax: A disease of farm animals (open-access review, PMC9298093)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC9298093\u002F",{"claims":124,"source":125,"licence":126,"source_url":127,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"soil reservoir worldwide, affected livestock and wildlife, animal infection routes, human exposure routes","CDC - About Anthrax","US government public domain (not stated on page)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fanthrax\u002Fabout\u002Findex.html",{"claims":129,"source":130,"source_url":131,"harvested_by":132,"retrieved_at":133},"Arabic structured fields","Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University - Anthrax factsheet","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fanthrax.pdf","apply-condition-fields.cjs","2026-10-04",{"claims":55,"source":135,"licence":57,"source_url":136,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2023, Chapter 3.1.1 Anthrax","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.01.01_ANTHRAX.pdf",[138,144,145,151,156,157,163,169],{"id":139,"documentId":140,"slug":141,"name":142,"heading":143},2183,"y0tgzdbbrz7imizicaywhnai","penicillin-g","penicillin g","بنزيل بنسلين (بنسلين جي)",{"id":86,"documentId":87,"slug":88,"name":89,"heading":90},{"id":146,"documentId":147,"slug":148,"name":149,"heading":150},1911,"g9i9kikubhghq3lnvllckule","amoxicillin","Amoxicillin","أموكسيسيلين",{"id":152,"documentId":153,"slug":154,"name":154,"heading":155},2092,"mwwwqryf0hwpovm4p5ndp5j2","chloramphenicol","كلورامفينيكول",{"id":102,"documentId":103,"slug":104,"name":105,"heading":106},{"id":158,"documentId":159,"slug":160,"name":161,"heading":162},1912,"wjanoxggjve411i0xbpdef6k","erythromycin","Erythromycin","إريثروميسين",{"id":164,"documentId":165,"slug":166,"name":167,"heading":168},2135,"nqfxsr4fu8sgjqu61jdrk5pf","gentamicin","Gentamicin","جنتاميسين",{"id":170,"documentId":171,"slug":172,"name":172,"heading":173},2217,"aaalqn43b5cr32eqsyzq1u9o","streptomycin","ستربتومايسين",{"title":175,"id":176,"documentId":177,"heading":178,"slug":179,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":180,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":181,"drugs":195},"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease",274,"xpbsvrxyrdwbyn40hesgvzol","مرض الرئة الانسدادي المزمن","chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease","يتميز الربو الخيلي (equine asthma)، كما يتميز ربو الإنسان، بالتهاب المجاري الهوائية السفلية وتضيّقها (bronchoconstriction). وتخضع معظم مكونات المجاري الهوائية تقريباً لإعادة التشكّل في الربو الخيلي الشديد، سواء في المجاري الطرفية (قطرها أقل من 2 مم) أو المركزية. وتتضخم عضلات البطن المساعدة على التنفس بسبب فرط الجهد، فيظهر خط الزفير (heave line) على الحافة السفلية للأضلاع.",[182,187,192],{"claims":183,"source":184,"licence":185,"source_url":186,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"terminology incl. COPD, triggers, pathophysiology, heave line, onset age, heritability, barn and pasture forms, signs, diagnosis, transtracheal wash, management, lifelong prognosis","University of Florida IFAS Extension (EDIS VM142, DeNotta and House) - Understanding Equine Asthma (Heaves)","(c) 2024 University of Florida","https:\u002F\u002Fask.ifas.ufl.edu\u002Fpublication\u002FVM142",{"claims":188,"source":189,"licence":190,"source_url":191,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"age over 7 years, 14-17% prevalence, neutrophilic inflammation, hyper-responsiveness, remodelling reversibility, mild vs severe distinction, pasture asthma, relapse on re-exposure","Frontiers in Veterinary Science (2020) - Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions (PMC7438831, Europe PMC full text)","CC BY","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7438831\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":193,"licence":57,"source_url":194,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"ACVIM Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses - Revised Consensus Statement, J Vet Intern Med 2016","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4913592\u002F",[196,201,206,212,218],{"id":197,"documentId":198,"slug":199,"name":199,"heading":200},2257,"i2cfrfuu84n9n84aq1rripjr","clenbuterol","كلينبوتيرول",{"id":202,"documentId":203,"slug":204,"name":204,"heading":205},2069,"gqd8ewlcdf8uc0sq7u2cs0h7","atropine","أتروبين",{"id":207,"documentId":208,"slug":209,"name":210,"heading":211},2112,"fep2yq0dwved60ame2ape4rb","dexamethasone","Dexamethasone","ديكساميثازون",{"id":213,"documentId":214,"slug":215,"name":216,"heading":217},2196,"qptj0w76ml0prf9vidl32180","prednisolone","Prednisolone","بريدنيزولون",{"id":219,"documentId":220,"slug":221,"name":221,"heading":222},2096,"u8xy8lt03fzjg5e91jpgk66u","ciclesonide","سيكليسونيد",{"title":224,"id":225,"documentId":226,"heading":227,"slug":228,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":11,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":229,"drugs":239},"Corneal Ulcer",360,"w95aah7q45c33ljnnjv25mw3","قرحة القرنية","corneal-ulcer",[230,233,236],{"claims":55,"source":231,"licence":57,"source_url":232,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"MSD Veterinary Manual - The Cornea in Animals","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Feye-diseases-and-disorders\u002Fophthalmology\u002Fthe-cornea-in-animals",{"claims":55,"source":234,"licence":57,"source_url":235,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"O'Neill et al. 2017, Corneal ulcerative disease in dogs under primary veterinary care in England: epidemiology and clinical management, Canine Genet Epidemiol (PMC5471714)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5471714\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":237,"licence":57,"source_url":238,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Frejlich and Payen 2025, Prevalence and Characteristics of Feline Ulcerative Keratitis and Corneal Sequestra in a Referral Population, Vet Ophthalmol (PMC12951262)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC12951262\u002F",[240,246],{"id":241,"documentId":242,"slug":243,"name":244,"heading":245},1918,"rdw9hjrcoc9mdm6nw02c3d3z","meloxicam","Meloxicam","ميلوكسيكام",{"id":207,"documentId":208,"slug":209,"name":210,"heading":211},{"title":248,"id":249,"documentId":250,"heading":251,"slug":252,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":11,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":253,"drugs":266},"Cushing's Disease (Hyperadrenocorticism)",357,"bmrxo4cvs3n6mnel9r2ajmy6","داء كوشينغ","cushings-disease-hyperadrenocorticism",[254,257,260,263],{"claims":55,"source":255,"licence":57,"source_url":256,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"MSD Veterinary Manual - Cushing Disease (Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism) in Animals","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Fendocrine-system\u002Fthe-pituitary-gland\u002Fcushing-disease-pituitary-dependent-hyperadrenocorticism-in-animals",{"claims":55,"source":258,"licence":57,"source_url":259,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology (ALIVE): Cushing's Syndrome and Hypoadrenocorticism consensus definitions, Vet Sci 2025 (PMC12390432)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC12390432\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":261,"licence":57,"source_url":262,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Garcia San Jose et al. 2020, Prevalence and risk factors associated with systemic hypertension in dogs with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism, J Vet Intern Med (PMC7517838)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7517838\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":264,"licence":57,"source_url":265,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Behrend et al. 2013, Diagnosis of spontaneous canine hyperadrenocorticism: 2012 ACVIM consensus statement (small animal), J Vet Intern Med","https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002Fjvim.12192",[],{"title":268,"id":269,"documentId":270,"heading":271,"slug":272,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":273,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":274,"drugs":298},"Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)",321,"ot4bt8rh74mcu3hh5radrqph","فطار الجلد","dermatophytosis-ringworm","يصيب فطار الجلد الأنسجة المتقرنة: الجلد بطبقته القرنية (stratum corneum) وبشرته، والشعر، والأظافر.",[275,279,283,287,291,295],{"claims":276,"source":277,"licence":30,"source_url":278,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"genera, M. canis share in cats, attachment and invasion of stratum corneum, keratolytic enzymes, immune recognition, cortisol, clinical signs in dogs, cats and cattle, prevalence in Egypt farm animals, Saudi camels and Jordan cattle","Dermatophytosis in companion animals: A review (Veterinary World) - Europe PMC full text","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7396343\u002F",{"claims":280,"source":281,"licence":30,"source_url":282,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"T. verrucosum in cattle, zoonotic spread, calf lesions and distribution, ectothrix arthroconidia, Egyptian prevalence and risk factors, cure within 14-28 days on topical treatment","Ringworm in calves: risk factors, improved molecular diagnosis, and therapeutic efficacy of an Aloe vera gel extract (BMC Veterinary Research) - Europe PMC full text","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7640396\u002F",{"claims":284,"source":285,"licence":30,"source_url":286,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"worldwide zoonosis, veterinary staff infection surveys, host species, environmental spores sustaining herd infection for years, young animals at risk, asymptomatic cats, spontaneous resolution used in cattle, disinfection advice","A comparison of the existing recommendations for human and veterinary clinicians on the management and prevention of the zoonotic aspects of dermatophytosis (PLoS One) - Europe PMC full text","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC12981445\u002F",{"claims":288,"source":289,"licence":190,"source_url":290,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"T. verrucosum as principal cattle agent, persistence of arthroconidia in housing, asbestos-like crusts and lesion sites, pruritus and reduced intake, zinc and skin barrier","Serum Macro- and Trace-Element Alterations and Redox Imbalance in Cattle with Naturally Occurring Dermatophytosis (Animals, MDPI) - Europe PMC full text","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC13359616\u002F",{"claims":292,"source":293,"licence":25,"source_url":294,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"fungal genera, spread by contact with infected animals, hand washing after touching pets","CDC - About Ringworm","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fringworm\u002Fabout\u002Findex.html",{"claims":55,"source":296,"licence":57,"source_url":297,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Center for Food Security and Public Health (Iowa State University): Dermatophytosis factsheet, 2013","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fdermatophytosis.pdf",[299,305,311],{"id":300,"documentId":301,"slug":302,"name":303,"heading":304},1965,"qbx84ldo1uoc46l9sj7m129b","ketoconazole","Ketoconazole","كيتوكونازول",{"id":306,"documentId":307,"slug":308,"name":309,"heading":310},2150,"lajk1pbqxkppno24055pu4al","itraconazole","Itraconazole","إيتراكونازول",{"id":312,"documentId":313,"slug":314,"name":314,"heading":315},1960,"q9p0rfen34ydxqjuvp57cei2","miconazole","ميكونازول",{"title":317,"id":318,"documentId":319,"heading":320,"slug":321,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":11,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":322,"drugs":332},"Equine Colic",344,"whlj19034yfpz6b92okga0jk","مغص الخيول","equine-colic",[323,326,329],{"claims":55,"source":324,"licence":57,"source_url":325,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"MSD Veterinary Manual - Overview of Colic in Horses","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.msdvetmanual.com\u002Fdigestive-system\u002Fcolic-in-horses\u002Foverview-of-colic-in-horses",{"claims":55,"source":327,"licence":57,"source_url":328,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Curtis et al. - Risk factors for acute abdominal pain (colic) in the adult horse: a scoping review and systematic review (PLoS One 2019, PMC6622499)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6622499\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":330,"licence":57,"source_url":331,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Christophersen et al. - Short-term survival and mortality rates in a retrospective study of colic in 1588 Danish horses (Acta Vet Scand 2014, PMC3998380)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3998380\u002F",[333,339,345,351],{"id":334,"documentId":335,"slug":336,"name":337,"heading":338},1919,"g77jcvm2n9m2ttny703q6mdp","flunixin-meglumine","Flunixin Meglumine","فلونيكسين ميغلومين",{"id":340,"documentId":341,"slug":342,"name":343,"heading":344},1946,"tpkb6xm6mcpdesuhzsdkmae6","xylazine","Xylazine","زيلازين",{"id":346,"documentId":347,"slug":348,"name":349,"heading":350},1962,"rz89xhl4guj135pg64a8dcxn","detomidine","Detomidine","ديتوميدين",{"id":352,"documentId":353,"slug":354,"name":355,"heading":356},2080,"thxhnapb1uy8c1bfk5hziy4a","butorphanol","Butorphanol","بوتورفانول",{"title":358,"id":359,"documentId":360,"heading":361,"slug":362,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":11,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":363,"drugs":373},"Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS)",322,"vqjypzly6agi010iuzpzs8gi","متلازمة قرحة المعدة لدى الخيول","equine-gastric-ulcer-syndrome-egus",[364,367,370],{"claims":55,"source":365,"licence":57,"source_url":366,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"MSD Veterinary Manual - Gastric Ulcers in Horses","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.msdvetmanual.com\u002Fdigestive-system\u002Fgastrointestinal-ulcers-in-large-animals\u002Fgastric-ulcers-in-horses",{"claims":55,"source":368,"licence":57,"source_url":369,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"ECEIM Consensus Statement - Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Adult Horses (Sykes et al. 2015, PubMed Central)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4858038\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":371,"licence":57,"source_url":372,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome: An Update on Current Knowledge (Animals 2023, PubMed Central)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC10093336\u002F",[374],{"id":375,"documentId":376,"slug":377,"name":378,"heading":379},2178,"z3qj7dn7uar9os0ns7yis06c","omeprazole","Omeprazole","أوميبرازول",{"title":381,"id":382,"documentId":383,"heading":384,"slug":385,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":386,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":387,"drugs":408},"Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)",294,"tbxp6e5fqqoonnsrxotuoxwb","فقر الدم المعدي الخيلي","equine-infectious-anemia-eia","تتأثر في الحالات الحادة العقد اللمفاوية والطحال والكبد، إذ تكون محتقنة ومتضخمة، بحسب المنظمة العالمية لصحة الحيوان (WOAH). يوجد فيروس فقر الدم المعدي الخيلي (EIAV) في الحيوانات المصابة حراً في البلازما أو مرتبطاً بالخلايا وحيدة النواة والبلعميات، بحسب دليل MSD البيطري. تتميز الحالات المزمنة بالهزال وشحوب الأغشية المخاطية وتضخم الطحال والعقد اللمفاوية البطنية، بحسب دليل MSD البيطري. تحتوي خلايا كوبفر في الكبد كثيراً على الهيموسيدرين أو الكريات الحمراء. يظهر في الفحص النسيجي التهاب كبدي غير قيحي، وفي بعض الحالات التهاب كبيبات الكلى والتهاب المادة البيضاء حول البطينات والتهاب السحايا أو التهاب الدماغ.",[388,392,397,402,405],{"claims":389,"source":390,"licence":18,"source_url":391,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"agent, lifelong carriers, transmission incl. tabanids, iatrogenic and in utero, worldwide, clinical picture, incubation, lesions, differentials, serological diagnosis, no vaccine, no human risk","WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2019, Chapter 3.6.6 Equine infectious anaemia","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.06.06_EIA.pdf",{"claims":393,"source":394,"licence":395,"source_url":396,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"species, fly and human-facilitated transmission, clinical signs, no treatment or vaccine, lifelong carriers, quarantine distance, fly control, US prevalence figures","USDA APHIS - Equine Infectious Anemia","US government work, public domain (not stated on source page)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aphis.usda.gov\u002Flivestock-poultry-disease\u002Fequine\u002Finfectious-anemia",{"claims":398,"source":399,"licence":400,"source_url":401,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"pathophysiology: macrophage reservoir, restricted replication in subclinical phase, antigenic variants, thrombocytopenia as production deficit, waning episodes over a year","Equine infectious anemia virus is found in tissue macrophages during subclinical infection. J Virol 1998;72(9):7263-7269 (PMC109949)","(c) 1998 American Society for Microbiology","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC109949\u002F",{"claims":129,"source":403,"source_url":404,"harvested_by":132,"retrieved_at":133},"Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University: Equine Infectious Anemia factsheet (December 2022)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fequine_infectious_anemia.pdf",{"claims":129,"source":406,"source_url":407,"harvested_by":132,"retrieved_at":133},"MSD Veterinary Manual - Equine Infectious Anemia","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Fgeneralized-conditions\u002Fequine-infectious-anemia\u002Fequine-infectious-anemia",[],{"title":410,"id":411,"documentId":412,"heading":413,"slug":414,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":415,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":416,"drugs":434},"Infection with African horse sickness virus",297,"k7lv2nnhfamzx0dxwn1j1ceo","مرض الخيل الأفريقي","infection-with-african-horse-sickness-virus","تشمل الأعضاء والأنسجة المرتبطة بمرض الخيل الأفريقي الخلايا البطانية في الرئتين والطحال وسائر الأنسجة اللمفية، وهي المواضع الرئيسية لتكاثر الفيروس الثانوي، والطحال والرئة والعقد اللمفية التي يُكشف فيها الفيروس خاصةً عند الفحص بعد النفوق. تظهر في مرض الخيل الأفريقي آفات في الرئتين (وذمة بين الفصيصات) والتجويف الصدري (استسقاء الصدر)، وفي التامور والنخاب والشغاف، وفي اللفافة تحت الجلد وبين العضلات في الرأس والعنق والكتفين.",[417,421,426,431],{"claims":418,"source":419,"licence":18,"source_url":420,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"epidemiology (hosts, vectors, seasonality, Middle East and North Africa outbreaks, not zoonotic), sign_or_symptom, differential_diagnosis, expected_prognosis, primary_prevention, associated_anatomy","WOAH Technical Disease Card: African horse sickness (updated December 2020)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2021\u002F03\u002Fafrican-horse-sickness.pdf",{"claims":422,"source":423,"licence":424,"source_url":425,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"confirms clinical forms, case fatality by form and species, Middle East outbreak, vaccines and vector control, serotype matching","Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University: African Horse Sickness factsheet","(c) 2003-2024 CFSPH; no reuse grant, used for confirmation only","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fafrican_horse_sickness.pdf",{"claims":427,"source":428,"licence":429,"source_url":430,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"pathophysiology (lymph node replication, viraemia, endothelial injury, permeability), expected_prognosis (form-specific mortality), epidemiology (zebra, dogs), primary_prevention (vaccine drawbacks)","Viruses (2019): African Horse Sickness: A Review of Current Understanding and Vaccine Development, Dennis et al. (via Europe PMC, PMC6783979)","Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6783979\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":432,"licence":57,"source_url":433,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2019, Chapter 3.6.1 African horse sickness (infection with African horse sickness virus)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.06.01_AHS.pdf",[],{"title":436,"id":437,"documentId":438,"heading":439,"slug":440,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":441,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":442,"drugs":484},"Infection with Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis",253,"tfnembygo8w2a68krscs1cgz","داء البروسيلات","infection-with-brucella-abortus-brucella-melitensis-and","الأعضاء والأنسجة المرتبطة بالعدوى: المشيمة والأجنة والرحم، والغدة اللبنية (الضرع) وعقدها اللمفية ولا سيما العقد اللمفية فوق الضرع، ومعظم العقد اللمفية الرئيسية ومنها عقد الرأس، والطحال، والخصيتان والبربخان والحويصلات المنوية والأمبولتان والبروستاتة والغدد البصلية الإحليلية، والمفاصل وأغماد الأوتار، وأورام الجراب المائي (hygromas) في مفاصل القوائم.",[443,447,451,455,459,463,466,469,472,475,478,481],{"claims":444,"source":445,"licence":18,"source_url":446,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"species, epidemiology (MENA incidence, environmental survival, notifiable, zoonosis), signs (fistulous withers), prevention","WOAH - Brucellosis disease page","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fen\u002Fdisease\u002Fbrucellosis\u002F",{"claims":448,"source":449,"licence":18,"source_url":450,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"pathophysiology, host range incl. camels, B. melitensis in cattle, signs by species, differential diagnosis, vaccines S19\u002FRB51\u002FRev.1, pig outcome, anatomy","WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2022, Chapter 3.1.4 Brucellosis (infection with B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.01.04_BRUCELLOSIS.pdf",{"claims":452,"source":453,"licence":43,"source_url":454,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"animal hosts and human transmission routes (epidemiology)","CDC - About Brucellosis","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fbrucellosis\u002Fabout\u002Findex.html",{"claims":456,"source":457,"licence":43,"source_url":458,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"confirms transmission, signs in cattle, no practical treatment, S19\u002FRB51 vaccination and reactor removal","MSD Veterinary Manual - Brucellosis in Cattle (confirmation only)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Freproductive-system\u002Fbrucellosis-in-large-animals\u002Fbrucellosis-in-cattle",{"claims":55,"source":460,"licence":57,"source_url":461,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"CFSPH, Iowa State University, Brucellosis factsheet","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fbrucellosis.pdf","2026-09-29",{"claims":55,"source":464,"licence":57,"source_url":465,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"CFSPH, Iowa State University, Brucellosis: Brucella abortus","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fbrucellosis_abortus.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":467,"licence":57,"source_url":468,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"CFSPH, Iowa State University, Brucellosis: Brucella melitensis","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fbrucellosis_melitensis.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":470,"licence":57,"source_url":471,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"MSD Veterinary Manual, Brucellosis in Pigs","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Freproductive-system\u002Fbrucellosis-in-large-animals\u002Fbrucellosis-in-pigs",{"claims":55,"source":473,"licence":57,"source_url":474,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"CFSPH, Iowa State University, Brucellosis: Brucella suis","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fbrucellosis_suis.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":476,"licence":57,"source_url":477,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"MSD Veterinary Manual, Brucellosis in Horses","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Freproductive-system\u002Fbrucellosis-in-large-animals\u002Fbrucellosis-in-horses",{"claims":55,"source":479,"licence":57,"source_url":480,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"WOAH, Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 8.4 Infection with Brucella abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahc\u002Fcurrent\u002Fchapitre_bovine_brucellosis.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":482,"licence":57,"source_url":483,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"US National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, Brucellosis","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nps.gov\u002Fyell\u002Flearn\u002Fnature\u002Fbrucellosis.htm",[],{"title":486,"id":487,"documentId":488,"heading":489,"slug":490,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":491,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":492,"drugs":507},"Infection with Burkholderia mallei (Glanders)",340,"heg4zc04s5o5zih0wj96kzyx","الرعام","infection-with-burkholderia-mallei-glanders","تشمل مواضع آفات الرعام الممرات الأنفية والحنجرة وسائر المسالك التنفسية العلوية، والرئتين مع عقيدات تُرى غالبًا تحت غشاء الجنب، والعقد اللمفية الناحية كالعقد تحت الفك، والنسيج تحت الجلد على امتداد الأوعية اللمفية في الساقين والجانبين الضلعيين وأسفل البطن، والكبد والطحال والكليتين، وأحيانًا العظام والعضلات والخصيتين. رُبط التهاب الخصية (orchitis) بالرعام، وقد تتصلّب العقد اللمفية الناحية المتضخمة وتتمزق وتتقيح.",[493,497,501,504],{"claims":494,"source":495,"licence":18,"source_url":496,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"agent, hosts and susceptibility, transmission, occurrence incl. Bahrain 2010, clinical forms, lesions, differential list, control, 95% untreated case fatality","WOAH (OIE) Technical Disease Card - Glanders (Jan 2020)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2021\u002F03\u002Fglanders.pdf",{"claims":498,"source":499,"licence":43,"source_url":500,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"confirmation: intracellular replication, Middle East endemicity, natural cases in camels and felids, transmission, melioidosis and serology confusion, culture diagnosis, euthanasia policy, no vaccine, prevention measures","Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University - Glanders factsheet","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fglanders.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":502,"licence":57,"source_url":503,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"WOAH disease page: Glanders","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fen\u002Fdisease\u002Fglanders\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":505,"licence":57,"source_url":506,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2024, Chapter 3.6.11 Glanders and melioidosis","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.06.11_GLANDERS.pdf",[],{"title":509,"id":510,"documentId":511,"heading":512,"slug":513,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":514,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":515,"drugs":536},"Infection with Chlamydia abortus (Enzootic abortion of ewes, ovine chlamydiosis)",338,"dj3bsb1v4vfgw2xfimu2yvrb","الإجهاض المتوطن في النعاج","infection-with-chlamydia-abortus-enzootic-abortion-of-ewes","تغزو المتدثرة المجهضة (Chlamydia abortus) مشيمة النعجة الحامل، ولا سيما المشيميات (placentomes)، فتُحدث فيها التهابًا وتنخرًا منتشرين لا يقتصران على الفلقات (cotyledons). تصيب العدوى الجنين أيضًا، فتظهر تغيرات أخف في كبده ورئته، وقد يتضرر دماغه بنقص الأكسجة عند شدة تلف المشيمة. تخرج الجرثومة بأعداد هائلة مع المشيمة والإفرازات الرحمية وقت الإجهاض أو الولادة، وقد تظهر إفرازات فرجية لدى النعاج خلال آخر 48 ساعة من الحمل.",[516,520,524,527,530,533],{"claims":517,"source":518,"licence":18,"source_url":519,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"agent, host range, pathogenesis, shedding, flock introduction and abortion storm, clinical signs, lesions, differentials, zoonotic risk, vaccines, serological screening","WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2018, Chapter 3.8.5 Enzootic abortion of ewes (ovine chlamydiosis)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.08.05_ENZ_ABOR.pdf",{"claims":521,"source":522,"licence":30,"source_url":523,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"confirms transmission by ingestion\u002Finhalation, abortion timing, zoonotic risk to pregnant women; Saudi seroprevalence, risk factors, no vaccine in Saudi Arabia, hygiene protective","Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Chlamydia abortus infection in sheep and goats in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Pathogens 2021 (PMC8072607)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC8072607\u002F",{"claims":129,"source":525,"source_url":526,"harvested_by":132,"retrieved_at":133},"MSD Veterinary Manual - Abortion in Sheep","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Freproductive-system\u002Fabortion-in-large-animals\u002Fabortion-in-sheep",{"claims":129,"source":528,"source_url":529,"harvested_by":132,"retrieved_at":133},"CFSPH (Iowa State University) Zoonotic Chlamydiae factsheet","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fchlamydiosis.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":531,"licence":57,"source_url":532,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Turin et al. (2022) Recent advances and public health implications for environmental exposure to Chlamydia abortus, Veterinary Research","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC9152823\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":534,"licence":57,"source_url":535,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"WOAH disease page: Enzootic abortion of ewes","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fen\u002Fdisease\u002Fenzootic-abortion-of-ewes\u002F",[],{"title":538,"id":539,"documentId":540,"heading":541,"slug":542,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":543,"is_zoonotic":13,"citations":544,"drugs":588},"Infection with Echinococcus granulosus",323,"j6611t2w0hbve2qbz7zjij46","العدوى بالمشوكة الحبيبية","infection-with-echinococcus-granulosus","تتركز كيسات داء المشوكات الكيسي (Cystic echinococcosis) عادةً في الكبد ثم الرئتين، وتقل في أعضاء وأنسجة أخرى منها العظام. يذكر دليل منظمة الأغذية والزراعة (FAO) لتفتيش اللحوم أن الكيسات المائية توجد في الكبد والقلب والرئتين والطحال والكلى والعضلات والدماغ وفي أي نسيج بما فيه العظم. تعيش الديدان البالغة في الأمعاء الدقيقة للعائل النهائي، بحسب المنظمة العالمية لصحة الحيوان (WOAH). قد توجد كيسات متعددة أيضًا في الدماغ أو الكلى أو العظام أو الخصيتين مسببة مرضًا أشد، بحسب المنظمة نفسها.",[545,549,553,557,561,566,570,574,579,582,585],{"claims":546,"source":547,"licence":18,"source_url":548,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"agent, hosts, dog-sheep life cycle, production losses and organ condemnation, prevention measures incl. vaccination","WOAH - Echinococcosis disease page","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fen\u002Fdisease\u002Fechinococcosis\u002F",{"claims":550,"source":551,"licence":25,"source_url":552,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"definitive and intermediate hosts, liver and lung involvement","CDC - About Echinococcosis","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fechinococcosis\u002Fabout\u002Findex.html",{"claims":554,"source":555,"licence":25,"source_url":556,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"slow cyst growth, rupture and allergic reaction, imaging, cyst differentials (abscess, tuberculosis, neoplasm)","CDC - Clinical Overview of Echinococcosis","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fechinococcosis\u002Fhcp\u002Fclinical-overview\u002Findex.html",{"claims":558,"source":559,"licence":43,"source_url":560,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"confirms life cycle, cyst structure, clinical signs in intermediate hosts, necropsy lesions, dog deworming, EG95 vaccine, prognosis","Center for Food Security and Public Health (Iowa State) - Echinococcosis factsheet (confirmation only)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fechinococcosis.pdf",{"claims":562,"source":563,"licence":564,"source_url":565,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"region as hotspot, intermediate host species, risk factors","Cystic echinococcosis in the Eastern Mediterranean region: Neglected and prevailing! (PubMed Central)","Creative Commons Attribution License","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7205190\u002F",{"claims":567,"source":568,"licence":190,"source_url":569,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"North African prevalence in camels and sheep, G1 and G6 genotypes, home slaughter and stray dog risk factors, meat inspection","Present Situation of Cystic Echinococcosis in Africa: A Narrative Review (PubMed Central)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC13307783\u002F",{"claims":571,"source":572,"licence":43,"source_url":573,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"cyst sites at inspection and differential list (retention cysts, liver cysts, granulomas, Cysticercus tenuicollis, tuberculosis)","FAO - Manual on meat inspection for developing countries","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F4\u002Ft0756e\u002Ft0756e04.htm",{"claims":575,"source":576,"licence":577,"source_url":578,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"features separating Cysticercus tenuicollis from hydatid cysts","Prevalence and morphological characterisation of Cysticercus tenuicollis in sheep and goat from north India (PubMed Central)","(c) Indian Society for Parasitology 2013; PMC copyright notice","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4328026\u002F",{"claims":129,"source":580,"source_url":581,"harvested_by":132,"retrieved_at":133},"Infestation of small ruminants by the metacestode stage of Taenia hydatigena in slaughterhouse, North East Tunisia (PubMed Central)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7196678\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":583,"licence":57,"source_url":584,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"WOAH Terrestrial Manual Chapter 3.1.6 - Echinococcosis","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.01.06_ECHINOCOCCOSIS.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":586,"licence":57,"source_url":587,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"WHO - Echinococcosis fact sheet","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fechinococcosis",[589,595,601],{"id":590,"documentId":591,"slug":592,"name":593,"heading":594},2195,"fv4igxlimw43jthm9jhonu63","praziquantel","Praziquantel","برازيكوانتيل",{"id":596,"documentId":597,"slug":598,"name":599,"heading":600},1936,"u5xcptmcrtajlray2rh0djj0","albendazole","Albendazole","ألبيندازول",{"id":602,"documentId":603,"slug":604,"name":604,"heading":605},1937,"ev6xskg5leo6dt2h2h8ipgsr","mebendazole","ميبيندازول",{"title":607,"id":608,"documentId":609,"heading":610,"slug":611,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":612,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":613,"drugs":650},"Infection with equine influenza virus",252,"peseu4o6lioyvb49vtq88n3m","إنفلونزا الخيول","infection-with-equine-influenza-virus","الأعضاء والأنسجة المرتبطة بالعدوى: الخلايا الظهارية المهدبة في المسالك التنفسية العليا والسفلى ولا سيما ظهارة الرغامى والقصبات، والرئتان والجنبة عند المضاعفات الجرثومية، والأغشية المخاطية للأنف والملتحمة، والعقد اللمفية، والأطراف (الوذمة)، والعضلات، والأوعية الدموية، والقلب، والدماغ في حالات نادرة.",[614,618,622,626,629,632,635,638,641,644,647],{"claims":615,"source":616,"licence":18,"source_url":617,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"agent and subtypes, host range incl. dogs and pigs, Egypt H5N1 donkeys, transmission, incubation under 24 h, clinical signs, rare complications, EHV as differential, vaccination not sterile, diagnosis","WOAH Terrestrial Manual, Chapter 3.6.7 Equine influenza (infection with equine influenza virus) (2019)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.06.07_EQ_INF.pdf",{"claims":619,"source":620,"licence":190,"source_url":621,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"receptor binding and epithelial damage, aerosol range, incubation 1-3 days, age risk, infection rate, Morocco and Turkey, clinical signs, complications, differential list, morbidity\u002Fmortality, recovery time","Singh RK et al. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2018","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6135912\u002F",{"claims":623,"source":624,"licence":43,"source_url":625,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"confirms epithelial regeneration time, incubation, cough more prominent than with EHV, complications, prognosis incl. donkeys and zebras, isolation periods","MSD\u002FMerck Veterinary Manual: Equine Influenza","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Frespiratory-system\u002Frespiratory-diseases-of-horses\u002Fequine-influenza",{"claims":55,"source":627,"licence":57,"source_url":628,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"How to Meet the Last OIE Expert Surveillance Panel Recommendations on Equine Influenza Vaccine Composition: recombinant canarypox-based EI vaccine (PMC5198164)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5198164\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":630,"licence":57,"source_url":631,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"Response of Sport Horses to Different Formulations of Equine Influenza Vaccine, Vaccines 2020;8(3):372 (PMC7563521)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7563521\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":633,"licence":57,"source_url":634,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"WOAH Expert Surveillance Panel on Equine Influenza Vaccine Composition, Conclusions and Recommendations (meetings of 8 July 2021 and 7 July 2022)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2022\u002F10\u002Fexpert-surveillance-panel-on-equine-influenza-vaccine-composition.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":636,"licence":57,"source_url":637,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"FEI, Vaccinations (equine influenza vaccination requirements)","https:\u002F\u002Finside.fei.org\u002Ffei\u002Fyour-role\u002Fveterinarians\u002Fbiosecurity-movements\u002Fvaccinations",{"claims":55,"source":639,"licence":57,"source_url":640,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"FEI, Equine Influenza vaccination, rule change notice dated 13 January 2005","https:\u002F\u002Finside.fei.org\u002Fmedia-updates\u002Fequine-influenza-vaccination",{"claims":55,"source":642,"licence":57,"source_url":643,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"Racehorse Owners Association, BHA Rule change - amendments to the Vaccinations Code, 8 Oct 2021","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.roa.co.uk\u002Fresources\u002Fbha-rule-changes-amendments-to-the-vaccinations-code.html",{"claims":55,"source":645,"licence":57,"source_url":646,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"British Horseracing Authority, Equine influenza updates and reminders, 18 Nov 2022","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britishhorseracing.com\u002Fequine-influenza-updates-and-reminders-november-2022\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":648,"licence":57,"source_url":649,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"WOAH, Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Chapter 12.6 Infection with equine influenza virus (2023 adoption, print of 17\u002F06\u002F2024)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahc\u002F2023\u002Fchapitre_eiv.pdf",[],{"title":652,"id":653,"documentId":654,"heading":655,"slug":656,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":657,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":658,"drugs":678},"Infection with Leishmania spp. (Leishmaniosis)",346,"psk0r3k7mlonhltpzhtya989","داء الليشمانيات","infection-with-leishmania-spp-leishmaniosis","داء الليشمانيات الكلبي مرض جهازي قد يطال أي عضو أو نسيج أو سائل في الجسم، تتكاثر طفيلياته داخل بلاعم الجهاز الشبكي البطاني، وأكثر الأنسجة احتمالًا لاحتوائها في غياب آفات قابلة لأخذ العينات هي بترتيب تنازلي الطحال ونقي العظم والعقد اللمفية والدم. تشمل الأعضاء والأنسجة الأخرى المتأثرة لدى الكلاب الجلد والأظافر والعينين، والأوعية الدموية والمفاصل والعنبية وكبيبات الكلى عبر آفات المعقدات المناعية، والكليتين اللتين قد يكون مرضهما المظهر الوحيد للإصابة.",[659,663,667,672,675],{"claims":660,"source":661,"licence":18,"source_url":662,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"agent, macrophage multiplication, sand fly vectors and seasonality, host range, dogs as reservoir, asymptomatic dogs >50%, clinical signs in dogs, differential diagnosis, L. tropica in Middle East, diagnostic methods, vaccines authorised in Brazil and Europe","WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2021, Chapter 3.1.11 Leishmaniosis","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.01.11_LEISHMANIOSIS.pdf",{"claims":664,"source":665,"licence":18,"source_url":666,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"WOAH listed disease status","WOAH - Leishmaniosis disease page","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fen\u002Fdisease\u002Fleishmaniosis\u002F",{"claims":668,"source":669,"licence":670,"source_url":671,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"immune complexes and glomerulonephritis, endemic in >70 countries, non-vector transmission, clinical and clinicopathological signs, staging and prognosis, no parasitological cure, renal failure as main cause of death, prevention with repellents, collars, confinement and vaccines","Solano-Gallego L, et al. LeishVet guidelines for the practical management of canine leishmaniosis. Parasites & Vectors 2011","CC BY 2.0","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3125381\u002F",{"claims":129,"source":673,"source_url":674,"harvested_by":132,"retrieved_at":133},"World Association for Veterinary Dermatology Consensus Statement for Diagnosis, and Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Treatment and Prevention of Canine Leishmaniosis (PMC12590123)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC12590123\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":676,"licence":57,"source_url":677,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University - Leishmaniasis (Cutaneous and Visceral) factsheet (2022)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fleishmaniasis.pdf",[],{"title":680,"id":681,"documentId":682,"heading":683,"slug":684,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":685,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":686,"drugs":719},"Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex",256,"glot11f0f24lex1dmv2lf315","السل","infection-with-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex","ترتبط بالسل في الثدييات الأعضاء والأنسجة التالية: الرئتان، والعقد اللمفية خلف البلعومية والقصبية والمنصفية والقحفية الصدرية والمساريقية، وأعضاء البطن، ومع السل الدخني المعمم الكبد والكلية والطحال والغدد الثديية والقناة الهضمية والجهاز العصبي المركزي، إضافة إلى الأوعية الدموية واللمفية في الجهازين التنفسي والهضمي التي قد تسدها العقد العميقة المتضخمة.",[687,691,695,699,703,707,710,713,716],{"claims":688,"source":689,"licence":18,"source_url":690,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"agents, host range, wildlife reservoirs, MENA endemicity, transmission incl. milk, zoonosis, notifiable status, test-and-slaughter, BCG limits","WOAH - Bovine (mammalian) tuberculosis disease page","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fen\u002Fdisease\u002Fbovine-tuberculosis\u002F",{"claims":692,"source":693,"licence":18,"source_url":694,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"pathophysiology, lesion distribution, clinical signs by species, prognosis (miliary disease fatal), diagnosis, BCG interference, anatomy","WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2022, Chapter 3.1.13 Mammalian tuberculosis (infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.01.13_Mammalian_tuberculosis.pdf",{"claims":696,"source":697,"licence":43,"source_url":698,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"differential diagnosis list (CBPP, actinobacillosis, lung abscess, bovine farcy, bronchopneumonia, hydatid cysts, actinomycosis)","Directorate of Veterinary Services circular V15 of 2021 - Bovine tuberculosis (M. bovis) surveillance protocol (hosted on woah.org)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2024\u002F02\u002Fcircular-v15-of-2021-sop-attachments-rina-final.pdf",{"claims":700,"source":701,"licence":43,"source_url":702,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"confirms differential diagnosis (CBPP, caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants), lesion sites, asymptomatic course, lack of effective cattle vaccine","Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University - Bovine Tuberculosis factsheet (2007) (confirmation only)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFastFacts\u002Fpdfs\u002Fbovine_tuberculosis.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":704,"licence":57,"source_url":705,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":706},"WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, chapter 8.11 Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (2022 PDF)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahc\u002Fcurrent\u002Fchapitre_bovine_tuberculosis.pdf","2026-09-30",{"claims":55,"source":708,"licence":57,"source_url":709,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":706},"CFSPH Iowa State University, Zoonotic Tuberculosis in Mammals, including Bovine and Caprine Tuberculosis (2019)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fbovine_tuberculosis.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":711,"licence":57,"source_url":712,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":706},"MSD Veterinary Manual, Overview of Tuberculosis in Animals","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Fgeneralized-conditions\u002Ftuberculosis-and-other-mycobacterial-infections\u002Foverview-of-tuberculosis-and-other-mycobacterial-infections",{"claims":55,"source":714,"licence":57,"source_url":715,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":706},"WOAH, Mammalian tuberculosis (mTB) disease page","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fen\u002Fdisease\u002Fmammalian-tuberculosis-mtb\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":717,"licence":57,"source_url":718,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":706},"MSD Veterinary Manual, Tuberculosis in Sheep and Goats","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Fgeneralized-conditions\u002Ftuberculosis-in-various-animals\u002F",[720],{"id":721,"documentId":722,"slug":723,"name":723,"heading":724},1972,"cv1s0yjfmuak8rxsx1xvv8yw","pradofloxacin","برادوفلوكساسين",{"title":726,"id":727,"documentId":728,"heading":729,"slug":730,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":731,"is_zoonotic":13,"citations":732,"drugs":791},"Infection with rabies virus",251,"slkpp613x2bgn8sjhqf9gkfq","داء الكلب","infection-with-rabies-virus","ترتبط بداء الكلب الأعضاء والأنسجة التالية: الجهاز العصبي المركزي، ولا سيما جذع الدماغ والمخيخ والحبل الشوكي والمهاد (thalamus) والجسر (pons) والنخاع المستطيل (medulla)، والجهاز الحوفي في الشكل الهائج، ثم الأعصاب الطرفية، والغدد اللعابية، وعضلات البلعوم والحنجرة والعضلات الماضغة.",[733,737,741,745,749,753,757,761,764,767,770,773,776,779,782,785,788],{"claims":734,"source":735,"licence":18,"source_url":736,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"agent, geography and elimination status, dog-bite share of human cases, 59,000 deaths, vaccination coverage target, prevention","WOAH - Rabies disease page","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fen\u002Fdisease\u002Frabies\u002F",{"claims":738,"source":739,"licence":25,"source_url":740,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"virus must reach brain before signs, 70,000 deaths and 95% dog share, fatality, post-exposure prophylaxis","CDC - About Rabies","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Frabies\u002Fabout\u002Findex.html",{"claims":742,"source":743,"licence":43,"source_url":744,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"confirms pathogenesis route, reservoirs, prodrome length, cattle and horse signs, post-mortem diagnosis","MSD Veterinary Manual - Rabies in Animals (confirmation only)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Fnervous-system\u002Frabies\u002Frabies-in-animals",{"claims":746,"source":747,"licence":43,"source_url":748,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"confirms clinical forms, clinical course, necropsy and histological findings, limbic involvement","Center for Food Security and Public Health (Iowa State) - Rabies and Rabies-Related Lyssaviruses factsheet (confirmation only)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Frabies.pdf",{"claims":750,"source":751,"licence":43,"source_url":752,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"agent description, shedding sites, differential diagnosis list, diagnosis by fluorescent antibody on brain, prevention","Georgia Department of Agriculture - Rabies fact sheet","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.agr.georgia.gov\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fdocuments\u002Fanimal-health\u002Frabies.pdf",{"claims":754,"source":755,"licence":30,"source_url":756,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"camel outbreaks in Sudan, dog source, seasonality, nervous signs in camels","Epidemiology of rabies in camels (PubMed Central)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC13222453\u002F",{"claims":758,"source":759,"licence":43,"source_url":760,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"features separating canine distemper from rabies","Cornell University Animal Health Diagnostic Center - Rabies or Canine Distemper?","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vet.cornell.edu\u002Fanimal-health-diagnostic-center\u002Ftesting\u002Ftesting-protocols-interpretations\u002Frabies-or-canine-distemper",{"claims":55,"source":762,"licence":57,"source_url":763,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Infection with rabies virus chapter (2022 edition text, numbered 8.14 there)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahc\u002Fcurrent\u002Fchapitre_rabies.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":765,"licence":57,"source_url":766,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2023, Chapter 3.1.18 Rabies (infection with rabies virus and other lyssaviruses)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.01.18_RABIES.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":768,"licence":57,"source_url":769,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"Equine Rabies in Southern Colombia 2024-2025, Animals (Basel) 2026 (PMC13360232)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC13360232\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":771,"licence":57,"source_url":772,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"Epidemiology of Animal Rabies, China 2010-2020, China CDC Weekly 2021 (PMC8477053)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC8477053\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":774,"licence":57,"source_url":775,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"WOAH (OIE) Technical Disease Card, Rabies (updated 2014)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2021\u002F03\u002Frabies.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":777,"licence":57,"source_url":778,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"Biological barriers underlying the extremely high fatality of symptomatic rabies, 2026 review (PMC13586868)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC13586868\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":780,"licence":57,"source_url":781,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"First detection of rabies virus in encephalitic goats, Sarawak, BMC Vet Res 2025 (PMC12590585)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC12590585\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":783,"licence":57,"source_url":784,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"WHO, Rabies fact sheet","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Frabies",{"claims":55,"source":786,"licence":57,"source_url":787,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"WOAH, FAO and WHO (2023), Oral vaccination of dogs against rabies: recommendations for field application","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2023\u002F10\u002Forv-web-27102023.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":789,"licence":57,"source_url":790,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":462},"WOAH RABLAB statement on substandard dog rabies vaccines (April 2024)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2024\u002F06\u002F2024-rablab-vaccinestatement-final-en-0724.pdf",[],{"title":793,"id":794,"documentId":795,"heading":796,"slug":797,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":798,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":799,"drugs":823},"Infection with Theileria equi and Babesia caballi (Equine piroplasmosis)",295,"wrq5fe322uwafy951gobt84y","داء الكمثريات الخيلي","infection-with-theileria-equi-and-babesia-caballi-equine","تشمل الأنسجة المرتبطة بداء الكمثريات الخيلي خلايا الدم الحمراء والخلايا اللمفاوية، والطحال ونقي العظم اللذين قد تختبئ فيهما الطفيليات لدى الحيوانات الحاملة المستديمة العدوى، والكبد والرئتين، إضافة إلى المشيمة التي أُبلغ عن انتقال العدوى عبرها من الأفراس الحوامل إلى الأجنة. أُبلغ في داء الكمثريات الخيلي عن تضخم الطحال والكبد، ونزف في نسيجي النخاب (epicardium) والشغاف (endocardium)، وتغيّر لون الكليتين والعقد اللمفية وتضخمها، واحتقان الرئتين.",[800,804,808,812,816,820],{"claims":801,"source":802,"licence":43,"source_url":803,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"agents, species, tick and iatrogenic transmission, signs, mortality up to 50%, geography incl. Middle East, carriers, treatment programme, prevention","USDA APHIS - Equine Piroplasmosis","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aphis.usda.gov\u002Flivestock-poultry-disease\u002Fequine\u002Fpiroplasmosis",{"claims":805,"source":806,"licence":18,"source_url":807,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"life cycle, tick genera, distribution, clinical forms, diagnosis, no vaccine, DNA in camels and dogs","WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2021, Chapter 3.6.8 Equine piroplasmosis","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.06.08_EQUINE_PIROPLASMOSIS.pdf",{"claims":809,"source":810,"licence":18,"source_url":811,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"listed status, not zoonotic, clinical forms","WOAH - Equine piroplasmosis disease page","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fen\u002Fblog\u002Fdisease\u002Fequine-piroplasmosis\u002F",{"claims":813,"source":814,"licence":30,"source_url":815,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"haemolysis, lymphocyte stage, carrier duration by species, transplacental abortion, prevalence in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran","International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2019) - A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis (PMC6572709, Europe PMC full text)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6572709\u002F",{"claims":817,"source":818,"licence":190,"source_url":819,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"differential diagnoses, mortality by setting, incomplete clearance of T. equi, trade restrictions","Frontiers in Veterinary Science (2024) - New insights in the diagnosis and treatment of equine piroplasmosis (PMC11349644, Europe PMC full text)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC11349644\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":821,"licence":57,"source_url":822,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University: Equine Piroplasmosis factsheet (December 2018)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fequine_piroplasmosis.pdf",[824],{"id":92,"documentId":93,"slug":94,"name":94,"heading":95},{"title":826,"id":827,"documentId":828,"heading":829,"slug":830,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":831,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":832,"drugs":849},"Infection with Trypanosoma evansi (Surra)",296,"lpv1ftk9d7cbtt61y51sg0qo","داء السَّرَّا","infection-with-trypanosoma-evansi-surra","تشمل الأنسجة المرتبطة بعدوى Trypanosoma evansi الدمَ والعقد اللمفية، إذ قد يكشف فحص موادهما عن المثقبيات في الإصابة المبكرة أو الحادة، والجهازَ العصبي المركزي وغيره من الأنسجة خارج الأوعية الدموية. تمتد آفات عدوى Trypanosoma evansi إلى الطحال والعقد اللمفية اللذين قد يتضخمان، وإلى الجلد بلويحاته الشروية (urticarial plaques)، والأغشية المصلية في الجفون والمنخرين وفتحة الشرج، وبعض الأعضاء الداخلية التي قد تظهر عليها نزوف نمشية.",[833,837,841,845],{"claims":834,"source":835,"licence":18,"source_url":836,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"hosts, transmission, distribution, signs, lesions, case fatality, differentials, control; states no zoonotic potential","WOAH Technical Disease Card - Trypanosoma evansi infections (including surra)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2021\u002F03\u002Ftrypano-evansi.pdf",{"claims":838,"source":839,"licence":18,"source_url":840,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"definition, vectors, clinical signs, CNS invasion, immunodeficiency and vaccination interference, diagnosis, no vaccine","WOAH Terrestrial Manual, Chapter 3.1.21 Surra in all species (Trypanosoma evansi infection)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.01.21_TRYPANO_SURRA.pdf",{"claims":842,"source":843,"licence":190,"source_url":844,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"distribution North Africa to South-East Asia, host susceptibility, chronic camel course; conflicting prognosis figure","BioMed Research International (2013) - Desquesnes et al., T. evansi and surra: origin, distribution, hosts and pathogenic effects (PMC3760267, Europe PMC full text)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3760267\u002F",{"claims":846,"source":847,"licence":190,"source_url":848,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"mechanical, oral and iatrogenic transmission, seasonality, diagnosis, drug resistance, quarantine testing","BioMed Research International (2013) - Desquesnes et al., T. evansi and surra: transmission, epidemiology, control and zoonotic aspects (PMC3789323)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3789323\u002F",[],{"title":851,"id":852,"documentId":853,"heading":854,"slug":855,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":856,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":857,"drugs":883},"Infestation with Cochliomyia hominivorax (New World screwworm)",347,"i6x0piih8b6922pew1njvtdn","الدودة الحلزونية للعالم الجديد","infestation-with-cochliomyia-hominivorax-new-world-screwworm","قد توجد يرقات الدودة الحلزونية في أي جرح وفي الأنسجة المجاورة له وتجاويف الجسم القريبة من الفتحات، ويُصاب المولود عبر الحبل السري بعد الولادة بقليل بحسب منظمة الأغذية والزراعة (FAO). من المواضع المذكورة للإصابة بالدودة الحلزونية: سُرّة المولود، ومنطقتا الفرج والعجان لدى الأم، والمنخران والجيوب، والفم، والأذنان، والأعضاء التناسلية، ومحجر العين، وفتحات الأنف والشرج والقلفة والمهبل.",[858,863,867,871,876,880],{"claims":859,"source":860,"licence":861,"source_url":862,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"agent, host range, current endemic areas and northward spread, wound infestation, signs (irritation, head shaking, odour, visible larvae), sterile insect technique, reporting","USDA APHIS - New World Screwworm","not stated on source page (US government work)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aphis.usda.gov\u002Flivestock-poultry-disease\u002Fcattle\u002Fticks\u002Fscrewworm",{"claims":864,"source":865,"licence":18,"source_url":866,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"obligate larval parasite, egg hatching 12-24 h, larval moults, life cycle under 3 weeks in tropics, zoonosis, movement control, SIT, WOAH listed","WOAH - New World screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) disease page","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fen\u002Fdisease\u002Fnew-world-screwworm-cochliomyia-hominivorax\u002F",{"claims":868,"source":869,"licence":43,"source_url":870,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"1988 Libya discovery, sheep and camels affected, SIT eradication programme, regional risk, newborn deer mortality up to 75%","FAO - The New World screwworm in North Africa","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F4\u002Fu4220t\u002Fu4220T04.htm",{"claims":872,"source":873,"licence":874,"source_url":875,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"host range incl. humans, newborn navel risk, spread via animal movement and wildlife, current affected countries, Libya 1988, wound management and inspection for prevention","FAO - New World Screwworm FAQ","(c) FAO 2026","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Fanimal-health\u002Fanimal-diseases\u002Fnew-world-screwworm\u002Ffaq\u002Fen",{"claims":877,"source":878,"licence":43,"source_url":879,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"confirms life cycle timings, lesion development and sites, clinical behaviour, fly range 10-25 km, differential from opportunistic fly larvae, Old World screwworm in Middle East, W. magnifica in North Africa, prognosis, preventive husbandry","Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University - Screwworm Myiasis factsheet (2025) (confirmation only)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fscrewworm_myiasis.pdf",{"claims":129,"source":881,"source_url":882,"harvested_by":132,"retrieved_at":133},"WOAH Technical Disease Card - Screwworm (Old World and New World), last updated April 2013","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FAnimal_Health_in_the_World\u002Fdocs\u002Fpdf\u002FDisease_cards\u002FSCREWWORM.pdf",[884,890,896],{"id":885,"documentId":886,"slug":887,"name":888,"heading":889},1991,"g0m8bo5cly2m4u0llzhrhjpf","fluralaner","Fluralaner","فلورالانر",{"id":891,"documentId":892,"slug":893,"name":894,"heading":895},1947,"mnofxk8vpsznk4od00m1enlb","eprinomectin","Eprinomectin","إبرينومكتين",{"id":897,"documentId":898,"slug":899,"name":900,"heading":901},2151,"f4vc8qvmmko7g8p8td6lr8z0","ivermectin","Ivermectin","إيفرمكتين",{"title":903,"id":904,"documentId":905,"heading":906,"slug":907,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":908,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":909,"drugs":941},"Iron-deficiency anemia",319,"aaxyniwzeec6trpw1i835wdu","فقر الدم الناجم عن نقص الحديد","iron-deficiency-anemia","يرتبط فقر الدم الناجم عن نقص الحديد (iron-deficiency anemia) بالدم وكرياته الحمر التي تصبح صغيرة ناقصة الصباغ، إذ يدخل الحديد في تصنيع الهيموغلوبين ويؤدي دورًا مهمًا في نقل الأكسجين وتكوين الدم (hematopoiesis). ترتبط الحالة كذلك بالقناة الهضمية، فأمراض سوء الامتصاص المعدية المعوية قد تقلل امتصاص الحديد بحسب Hunt وJugan (2021)، والنزف من القرحات أو الأورام المعدية المعوية أكثر شيوعًا مصدرًا لفقدان الدم المزمن لدى الحيوانات الأكبر سنًا بحسب دليل MSD البيطري، في حين قد يعود لدى الصغار إلى التطفل.",[910,915,919,924,928,932,935,938],{"claims":911,"source":912,"licence":913,"source_url":914,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"causes of piglet iron deficiency, signs, haemoglobin thresholds, injectable iron sources and route, risks of excess iron","Kansas State University Swine Nutrition Guide (extension) - Iron","(c) Kansas State University","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.asi.k-state.edu\u002Fextension\u002Fswine\u002Fswinenutritionguide\u002Fgeneral_nutrition_principles\u002Firon.html",{"claims":916,"source":917,"licence":30,"source_url":918,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"roles of iron, low birth reserves, sow milk iron content, susceptibility to pneumonia and gut infections, iron overload risks","Meng Q, et al. Impact of Iron Supplementation on Growth Performance, Iron Homeostasis and Redox Balance of Suckling Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2025","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC11988079\u002F",{"claims":920,"source":921,"licence":922,"source_url":923,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"functional iron deficiency via hepcidin and ferroportin, iron indices and reticulocyte haemoglobin content, iron deficiency in cats with chronic GI disease","Hunt A, Jugan MC. Anemia, iron deficiency, and cobalamin deficiency in cats with chronic gastrointestinal disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2021","CC BY-NC 4.0","https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fjvim\u002Farticle\u002F35\u002F1\u002F172\u002F8446783",{"claims":925,"source":926,"licence":43,"source_url":927,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"confirms species frequency, chronic blood loss origin, piglet risk indoors, anaemia of chronic disease normocytic normochromic, renal anaemia, iron supplementation and correcting blood loss","MSD Veterinary Manual - Nonregenerative Anemias in Animals (confirmation only)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Fcirculatory-system\u002Fanemia\u002Fnonregenerative-anemias-in-animals",{"claims":929,"source":930,"licence":43,"source_url":931,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"confirms parasitic and GI bleeding causes by age, microcytic hypochromic hallmark, persistent reticulocytosis, causes to exclude","MSD Veterinary Manual - Regenerative Anemias in Animals (confirmation only)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.msdvetmanual.com\u002Fcirculatory-system\u002Fanemia\u002Fregenerative-anemias-in-animals",{"claims":129,"source":933,"source_url":934,"harvested_by":132,"retrieved_at":133},"Hunt A, Jugan MC. Anemia, iron deficiency, and cobalamin deficiency in cats with chronic gastrointestinal disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2021 (PMC7848310 full text)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7848310\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":936,"licence":57,"source_url":937,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"MSD Veterinary Manual - Overview of Anemia in Animals","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.msdvetmanual.com\u002Fcirculatory-system\u002Fanemia\u002Foverview-of-anemia-in-animals",{"claims":55,"source":939,"licence":57,"source_url":940,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"MSD Veterinary Manual - Nonregenerative Anemias in Animals","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.msdvetmanual.com\u002Fcirculatory-system\u002Fanemia\u002Fnonregenerative-anemias-in-animals",[942],{"id":943,"documentId":944,"slug":945,"name":946,"heading":947},2148,"intixiw8uiffmtydvn2sc8yw","iron-dextran-complex","iron dextran complex","معقد الحديد والدكستران",{"title":949,"id":950,"documentId":951,"heading":952,"slug":953,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":954,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":955,"drugs":969},"Leptospirosis",306,"hpjc1bpgpx0uoul6elveszz2","داء البريميات","leptospirosis","ترتبط العلامات السريرية لداء البريميات (leptospirosis) لدى الحيوانات غالبًا بالكلى والكبد والوظيفة التناسلية، وتستقر البريميات وتستمر في الكلية وفي الجهاز التناسلي الذكري والأنثوي. تشمل الأنسجة المعنية أيضًا المشيمة التي قد تحتبس لدى بعض الأبقار المجهضة، وكلية الأجنة المجهضة أو المولودة ميتة وكبدها ورئتها ودماغها وغدتها الكظرية، والسحايا لدى العجول، والرئتين في متلازمة النزف الرئوي لدى الكلاب وربما لدى بعض المهور بحسب سلسلة حالات حديثة، والعنبية (uvea) في التهاب العنبية الراجع لدى الخيول.",[956,960,965],{"claims":957,"source":958,"licence":18,"source_url":959,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"agent and serovars, maintenance hosts, acute and chronic presentations, kidney and genital persistence, carriers, zoonotic risk, differential diagnosis groups, MAT four-fold rise, vaccines","WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2021, Chapter 3.1.12 Leptospirosis","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.01.12_LEPTO.pdf",{"claims":961,"source":962,"licence":963,"source_url":964,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"pathogenesis incl. endothelial cadherin, tubulointerstitial nephritis, rodents as reservoirs, dog signs, pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome 70% mortality, AKI differential, annual dog vaccination, low zoonotic risk from dogs","Updated ACVIM Consensus Statement on Leptospirosis in Dogs (PMC10658540)","CC BY-NC-ND 4.0","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC10658540\u002F",{"claims":966,"source":967,"licence":43,"source_url":968,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"confirmation: geography and seasonality, transmission and environmental survival, signs by species, lesions, 80% dog survival, 40% abortion in naive herds, serovar vaccines, environmental control","Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University - Leptospirosis factsheet","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fleptospirosis.pdf",[970,971,975,976,977],{"id":75,"documentId":76,"slug":77,"name":77,"heading":78},{"id":972,"documentId":973,"slug":974,"name":974,"heading":11},1856,"hvvq0o2q8zlfxu4mvql0gehc","dihydrostreptomycin",{"id":86,"documentId":87,"slug":88,"name":89,"heading":90},{"id":102,"documentId":103,"slug":104,"name":105,"heading":106},{"id":170,"documentId":171,"slug":172,"name":172,"heading":173},{"title":979,"id":980,"documentId":981,"heading":982,"slug":983,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":984,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":985,"drugs":999},"Navicular syndrome",365,"kfp1dpox9ghnah4mweqea3xd","متلازمة العظم الزورقي","navicular-syndrome","تتركز متلازمة العظم الزورقي في قدم الطرف الأمامي لدى الخيل، وتشمل العظم الزورقي، والجراب الزورقي، والوتر المثني الإصبعي العميق، والأربطة السمسمانية الجانبية، والرباط الفردي البعيد، إضافة إلى منطقة العقب ونُسر الحافر اللذين يظهر فيهما الألم عند الضغط.",[986,990,994],{"claims":987,"source":988,"licence":30,"source_url":989,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"anatomy, signalment and breeds, forelimb bilateral asymmetric, enthesis-organ pathogenesis, lesions, imaging, treatment categories","The equine navicular apparatus as a premier enthesis organ: functional implications. Vet Surg 2021 (PMC8251969)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC8251969\u002F",{"claims":991,"source":992,"licence":922,"source_url":993,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"chronic progressive definition, frequent lameness cause, nerve block, radiography vs MRI, DDFT tendinopathy as differential\u002Fcoexisting lesion, neurectomy as salvage and its complications","Navicular bone fracture and severe deep digital flexor tendinopathy after palmar digital neurectomy in two horses. Open Vet J 2023 (PMC10824075)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC10824075\u002F",{"claims":995,"source":996,"licence":997,"source_url":998,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"confirms definition, unclear mechanism, conformation and shoeing risk factors, breeds, clinical signs, hoof testers, toe wedge, nerve block, radiographic changes, MRI, guarded-to-fair lifelong prognosis","MSD Veterinary Manual - Navicular Disease in Horses","not stated on source page; used for confirmation only","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Fmusculoskeletal-system\u002Flameness-in-horses\u002Fnavicular-disease-in-horses",[1000],{"id":1001,"documentId":1002,"slug":1003,"name":1003,"heading":1004},2232,"fm7eh0jrwhfkhsd0gs67kinn","tiludronate","تيلودرونات",{"title":1006,"id":1007,"documentId":1008,"heading":1009,"slug":1010,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":1011,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":1012,"drugs":1036},"Osteoarthritis",342,"ljnochda65yq3jzl6r6dli3m","الفُصال العظمي","osteoarthritis","يصف دليل MSD البيطري الفُصال العظمي (osteoarthritis) لدى الكلاب والقطط بأنه مرض يصيب العضو المفصلي بأكمله بل الجهاز العضلي الهيكلي كله، ويُحَسّ ألمه في البنى المحيطة بالمفصل وتحته أكثر مما يُحَسّ في السطوح المفصلية المتضررة. تشمل البنى المتأثرة الغضروف المفصلي والأنسجة المحيطة بالمفصل لدى الكلاب، والعظم تحت الغضروفي والغضروف والأنسجة الزلالية والأنسجة الرخوة لدى الخيول.",[1013,1017,1021,1025,1029,1033],{"claims":1014,"source":1015,"licence":190,"source_url":1016,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"definition, chronic inflammation, developmental and traumatic causes, central sensitisation, clinical assessment and staging, radiography-pain mismatch, imaging to exclude other pathology, incurable prognosis, management approach, total hip replacement outcomes, weight management, growth monitoring, preventive surgery","Frontiers in Veterinary Science (2023) - COAST Development Group's international consensus guidelines for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis (PMC10436090)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC10436090\u002F",{"claims":1018,"source":1019,"licence":190,"source_url":1020,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"prevalence in North America and UK, primary vs secondary osteoarthritis, predisposing arthropathies (dysplasia, cruciate disease, patellar luxation), risk factors incl. body weight, neutering, breed, feeding and exercise","Frontiers in Veterinary Science (2020) - Risk Factors for Canine Osteoarthritis and Its Predisposing Arthropathies: A Systematic Review (PMC7198754)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7198754\u002F",{"claims":1022,"source":1023,"licence":30,"source_url":1024,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"differential diagnosis vs septic and immune-mediated arthritis by synovial neutrophils and serum CRP, local inflammation in OA, cartilage deterioration, osteophytes, periarticular change","BMC Veterinary Research (2016) - Measurement of serum C-reactive protein concentration for discriminating between suppurative arthritis and osteoarthritis in dogs (PMC5084410)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5084410\u002F",{"claims":1026,"source":1027,"licence":190,"source_url":1028,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"equine OA as up to 60% of lameness, cytokine-driven pathogenesis (IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, MMPs, aggrecanases, ROS, PGE2), subchondral bone and synovial involvement","Frontiers in Veterinary Science (2021) - A Comparative Review of Autologous Conditioned Serum and Autologous Protein Solution for Treatment of Osteoarthritis in Horses (PMC7933025)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7933025\u002F",{"claims":1030,"source":1031,"licence":190,"source_url":1032,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"radiographic OA in 90% of cats over 12, lameness uncommon, gradual subtle signs attributed to ageing","Frontiers in Veterinary Science (2021) - Indicators of Health-Related Quality of Life in Cats With Degenerative Joint Disease: Systematic Review and Proposal of a Conceptual Framework (PMC8636455)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC8636455\u002F",{"claims":129,"source":1034,"source_url":1035,"harvested_by":132,"retrieved_at":133},"MSD Veterinary Manual - Osteoarthritis in Dogs and Cats","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.msdvetmanual.com\u002Fmusculoskeletal-system\u002Fosteoarthritis-in-dogs-and-cats\u002Fosteoarthritis-in-dogs-and-cats",[1037,1038,1044,1050,1056,1062,1068,1074,1079,1084],{"id":241,"documentId":242,"slug":243,"name":244,"heading":245},{"id":1039,"documentId":1040,"slug":1041,"name":1042,"heading":1043},2087,"jfhish5bw5hjkgxru2gp9qwu","carprofen","Carprofen","كاربروفين",{"id":1045,"documentId":1046,"slug":1047,"name":1048,"heading":1049},2204,"up738iw2t6qwgwxaezjdc530","robenacoxib","Robenacoxib","روبيناكوكسيب",{"id":1051,"documentId":1052,"slug":1053,"name":1054,"heading":1055},1942,"zl1dzauakccq6tugavfvbqku","firocoxib","Firocoxib","فيروكوكسيب",{"id":1057,"documentId":1058,"slug":1059,"name":1060,"heading":1061},1951,"r3mwzolndoj9di8qoyu2uwnd","phenylbutazone","Phenylbutazone","فينيل بيوتازون",{"id":1063,"documentId":1064,"slug":1065,"name":1066,"heading":1067},2238,"fpj0oy47v7pnc99uvd1a97sb","tramadol","Tramadol","ترامادول",{"id":1069,"documentId":1070,"slug":1071,"name":1072,"heading":1073},2079,"ndpkigsyxqpo210tzoh59ex9","buprenorphine","Buprenorphine","بوبرينورفين",{"id":1075,"documentId":1076,"slug":1077,"name":1077,"heading":1078},2138,"aerbq725ds2x0w32s1raulvb","grapiprant","غرابيبرانت",{"id":1080,"documentId":1081,"slug":1082,"name":1082,"heading":1083},1976,"wkeet8bxpdbs4eisqvxqid6c","frunevetmab","فرونيفيتماب",{"id":1085,"documentId":1086,"slug":1087,"name":1087,"heading":1088},1975,"xj42b4a5d95g8fejlrofeh5h","bedinvetmab","بيدينفيتماب",{"title":1090,"id":1091,"documentId":1092,"heading":1093,"slug":1094,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":1095,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":1096,"drugs":1105},"Osteomyelitis",366,"eivbuj097dhdzdcwltny64ds","التهاب العظم والنقي","osteomyelitis","يصيب التهاب العظم والنقي العظام ونقي العظم، وأكثر ما يصيب الفقرات والأقراص بين الفقرية (spondylodiscitis)، والمفاصل، والفك السفلي، وعظام الحوض. يتمركز الشكل دموي المنشأ عادةً في الكُردوس (metaphysis) والمشاش (epiphysis) من العظام النامية، وفي جسم العظام الطويلة (diaphysis) لدى البالغين، وقد تمتد العدوى النشطة بناسور إلى السمحاق الخارجي (periosteum). وُصف التهاب العظم والنقي في العظم اللامي (hyoid) لدى العجول بعد إصابات الفك السفلي، ويرتبط العرج في دجاج اللاحم المربى على أرضيات سلكية مرتفعة كثيرًا بالنخر الغضروفي البكتيري المصحوب بالتهاب العظم والنقي (bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis) في الأجزاء القريبة من عظمي الساق والفخذ.",[1097,1101],{"claims":1098,"source":1099,"licence":30,"source_url":1100,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"definition, routes, biofilm, sequestrum, species forms, organisms incl. fungi, acute vs chronic, radiographic lag, culture sampling, debridement and implant removal","Microbiological aspects of osteomyelitis in veterinary medicine: drawing parallels to the infection in human medicine. Vet Q 2022 (PMC8725753)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC8725753\u002F",{"claims":1102,"source":1103,"licence":190,"source_url":1104,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"pathophysiology incl. adhesion, RANKL, involucrum; aetiology by species (foals, calves, pigs, broilers, turkeys); risk factors; clinical signs; differentials; treatment approach; foal mortality","Osteomyelitis related lameness across animal species: pathophysiology, etiology, epidemiology and experimental models. Front Vet Sci 2026 (PMC13248973)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC13248973\u002F",[1106],{"id":1107,"documentId":1108,"slug":1109,"name":1110,"heading":1111},2049,"r3x6vc1epkgy3bywobl4lcmq","clindamycin","Clindamycin","كليندامايسين",{"title":1113,"id":1114,"documentId":1115,"heading":1116,"slug":1117,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":1118,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":1119,"drugs":1134},"Porcine proliferative enteropathy",288,"wzo5yhk299z3k25wamlap8ee","اعتلال الأمعاء التكاثري الخنزيري","porcine-proliferative-enteropathy","تصيب بكتيريا Lawsonia intracellularis في الخنازير الأمعاء الدقيقة ولا سيما الدقاق، ونادرًا الأمعاء الغليظة، وتنمو داخل الخلايا الظهارية المعوية. يُعد تضخم خبايا الأمعاء (intestinal crypts) أشيع موجودة مجهرية، ويُعتقد أن خلايا ظهارة الخبايا، وخاصة عند ملتقى الخبية بالزغابة، هي أول ما تصيبه العدوى.",[1120,1124,1128,1131],{"claims":1121,"source":1122,"licence":922,"source_url":1123,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"agent, not zoonotic, transmission and carriers, straw bedding, clinical forms and ages, lesions, diagnosis, differentials, recovery, vaccines and antibiotics","University of Minnesota open textbook - Swine Diseases: Proliferative Enteritis or ileitis","https:\u002F\u002Fopen.lib.umn.edu\u002Fswinedisease\u002Fchapter\u002Fproliferative-enteritis-or-ileitis\u002F",{"claims":1125,"source":1126,"licence":190,"source_url":1127,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"pathogenesis incl. crypt hyperplasia, Notch\u002FWnt, malabsorption; host range; faecal survival and shedding duration; PPE vs PHE ages and mortality; vaccines, macrolides and pleuromutilins","Lawsonia intracellularis: revisiting the disease ecology and control of this fastidious pathogen in pigs. Front Vet Sci 2018 (PMC6095029)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6095029\u002F",{"claims":55,"source":1129,"licence":57,"source_url":1130,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"MSD Veterinary Manual: Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Fdigestive-system\u002Fintestinal-diseases-in-pigs\u002Fporcine-proliferative-enteropathy",{"claims":55,"source":1132,"licence":57,"source_url":1133,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"Luppi A et al. Diagnostic Approach to Enteric Disorders in Pigs. Animals, 2023","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC9913336\u002F",[1135,1140,1145,1151,1156,1157,1163],{"id":1136,"documentId":1137,"slug":1138,"name":1138,"heading":1139},1996,"ot8rz5jojt1gc9ednahdgcmy","lincomycin","لينكومايسين",{"id":1141,"documentId":1142,"slug":1143,"name":1143,"heading":1144},1993,"iqux9z6p0zu7kk5calv9rzp4","tiamulin","تيامولين",{"id":1146,"documentId":1147,"slug":1148,"name":1149,"heading":1150},2249,"yx9kqwicf3dals62qrgdso0h","tylosin","Tylosin","تايلوسين",{"id":1152,"documentId":1153,"slug":1154,"name":1154,"heading":1155},2250,"bj9u0s0ezymdjt36694mq7mk","tylvalosin","تايلفالوسين",{"id":80,"documentId":81,"slug":82,"name":83,"heading":84},{"id":1158,"documentId":1159,"slug":1160,"name":1161,"heading":1162},2034,"bk9ofc0uev0wh5nouedqypoc","tilmicosin","Tilmicosin","تيلميكوسين",{"id":97,"documentId":98,"slug":99,"name":99,"heading":100},{"title":1165,"id":1166,"documentId":1167,"heading":1168,"slug":1169,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":1170,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":1171,"drugs":1186},"Salmonellosis",332,"d6vv1hh14a8wivl4101eqpkc","داء السلمونيلات","salmonellosis","تتركز آفات داء السلمونيلات (salmonellosis) المعوية وتشتد في اللفائفي السفلي (ileum) والأمعاء الغليظة ومنها الأعور (cecum) والقولون الحلزوني، وتكون العقد اللمفاوية المساريقية متوذمة نزفية عادة، وقد يلتهب جدار المرارة. تغزو السلمونيلات أيضًا الخلايا المعوية والنسيج اللمفاوي اللوزي، وكثيرًا ما تتوضع في المرارة والعقد اللمفاوية المساريقية، وقد تبلغ مع تسمم الدم الدماغ والسحايا والرحم الحامل والمفاصل ونهايات الأطراف وأطراف الأذنين والذيل، وتتوضع بعض الأنماط المصلية في الجهاز التناسلي، وقد تصاب الرئتان بالالتهاب في العجول والخنازير.",[1172,1176,1180,1183],{"claims":1173,"source":1174,"licence":18,"source_url":1175,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"agent and serovar classification, host-adapted and host-specific serovars, susceptible groups, global distribution and intensive husbandry, carriers, food contamination, zoonosis, clinical signs in chicks, calves (S. Dublin) and pigs (S. Choleraesuis), differential diagnosis, inactivated and live vaccines","WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2022, Chapter 3.10.7 Salmonellosis","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.10.07_SALMONELLOSIS.pdf",{"claims":1177,"source":1178,"licence":43,"source_url":1179,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"confirms invasion mechanism, septicaemic localisation, faecal-oral transmission, stress risk factors, signs in adults, intestinal lesions, neonatal mortality up to 100%, difficulty of bacteriological cure, biliary persistence, herd biosecurity and sanitation measures","MSD Veterinary Manual - Salmonellosis in Animals (confirmation only)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Fdigestive-system\u002Fsalmonellosis\u002Fsalmonellosis-in-animals",{"claims":129,"source":1181,"source_url":1182,"harvested_by":132,"retrieved_at":133},"Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University - Salmonellosis factsheet","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fnontyphoidal_salmonellosis.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":1184,"licence":57,"source_url":1185,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"WHO - Salmonella (non-typhoidal) fact sheet","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fsalmonella-(non-typhoidal)",[],{"title":1188,"id":1189,"documentId":1190,"heading":1191,"slug":1192,"title_ar":11,"associated_anatomy":1193,"is_zoonotic":11,"citations":1194,"drugs":1221},"West Nile fever",333,"lvj87gc5xl61yfv99428g1w5","حمى غرب النيل","west-nile-fever","الدماغ والحبل الشوكي هما موضعا كشف فيروس غرب النيل المعدي وحمضه النووي ومستضداته لدى الحيوانات ذات العلامات العصبية، وقد يمتد الكشف أحيانًا، تبعًا للنوع، إلى أنسجة مصابة أخرى أو إلى الدم. تتوزع الآفات العيانية النادرة لدى الخيول على الحبل الشوكي وجذع الدماغ والدماغ المتوسط، وتصف نشرة جامعة ولاية أوهايو آفات نسيجية لدى الحيوانات المفحوصة تتركز في الحبل الشوكي والجزء السفلي من جذع الدماغ، أشدها في الحبل الشوكي الصدري والقطني. أُبلغ لدى الخيول المصابة في الولايات المتحدة عن علامات تخص الجهاز العصبي المركزي والجهاز العصبي المحيطي معًا.",[1195,1199,1204,1209,1212,1215,1218],{"claims":1196,"source":1197,"licence":18,"source_url":1198,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"agent, bird reservoir, vectors, dead-end hosts, history incl. Israel and Egypt, Middle East presence, horse and bird signs, geese mortality, antibody diagnosis, supportive care, vaccine, prevention, zoonosis, WOAH listing","WOAH - West Nile fever disease page","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Fen\u002Fdisease\u002Fwest-nile-fever\u002F",{"claims":1200,"source":1201,"licence":1202,"source_url":1203,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"virus classification, Culex vectors, horse signs and progression, lesion distribution, case fatality ranges, residual deficits, differential list, diagnosis, supportive care, vaccine types, prevention, June-October suspicion","Ohio State University Extension (Ohioline) - West Nile Virus Fact Sheet for Veterinarians","(c) 2015 The Ohio State University","https:\u002F\u002Fohioline.osu.edu\u002Ffactsheet\u002FWNV-1005",{"claims":1205,"source":1206,"licence":1207,"source_url":1208,"harvested_by":20,"retrieved_at":21},"clinical signs incl. fever, fasciculations, facial paralysis, blindness; 38% fatality in 2000; MAC-ELISA, PRNT, PCR and virus isolation; EEE as a differential","CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases 7(4) 2001 - Equine West Nile Encephalitis, United States","US government public domain (EID articles)","https:\u002F\u002Fwwwnc.cdc.gov\u002Feid\u002Farticle\u002F7\u002F4\u002F01-7412_article",{"claims":129,"source":1210,"source_url":1211,"harvested_by":132,"retrieved_at":133},"CFSPH Iowa State University - West Nile Virus Infection","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cfsph.iastate.edu\u002FFactsheets\u002Fpdfs\u002Fwest_nile_fever.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":1213,"licence":57,"source_url":1214,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2018, Chapter 3.1.26 West Nile fever","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.01.26_WEST_NILE.pdf",{"claims":55,"source":1216,"licence":57,"source_url":1217,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"WHO - West Nile virus fact sheet","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fwest-nile-virus",{"claims":55,"source":1219,"licence":57,"source_url":1220,"harvested_by":59,"retrieved_at":60},"ECDC - Factsheet about West Nile virus infection","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecdc.europa.eu\u002Fen\u002Fwest-nile-fever\u002Ffacts",[],{"pagination":1223,"applied":1227,"facets":1231},{"page":1224,"pageSize":1225,"pageCount":1224,"total":1226},1,50,29,{"sort":1228,"species":1229},"alpha",[1230],"horse",{"species":1232,"zoonotic":1285},[1233,1237,1241,1245,1249,1253,1255,1259,1263,1267,1271,1274,1278,1282],{"slug":1234,"label":1235,"label_ar":11,"count":1236},"dog","Dog",48,{"slug":1238,"label":1239,"label_ar":11,"count":1240},"cattle","Cattle",43,{"slug":1242,"label":1243,"label_ar":11,"count":1244},"domestic-cat","Domestic cat",38,{"slug":1246,"label":1247,"label_ar":11,"count":1248},"sheep","Sheep",34,{"slug":1250,"label":1251,"label_ar":11,"count":1252},"goat","Goat",31,{"slug":1230,"label":1254,"label_ar":11,"count":1226},"Horse",{"slug":1256,"label":1257,"label_ar":11,"count":1258},"camel","Camel",21,{"slug":1260,"label":1261,"label_ar":11,"count":1262},"pig","Pig",16,{"slug":1264,"label":1265,"label_ar":11,"count":1266},"chicken","Chicken",15,{"slug":1268,"label":1269,"label_ar":11,"count":1270},"turkey","Turkey",12,{"slug":1272,"label":1273,"label_ar":11,"count":1270},"buffalo","Buffalo",{"slug":1275,"label":1276,"label_ar":11,"count":1277},"deer","Deer",10,{"slug":1279,"label":1280,"label_ar":11,"count":1281},"red-fox","Red fox",6,{"slug":1283,"label":1284,"label_ar":11,"count":1281},"ass","Ass",[1286],{"slug":1287,"label":1287,"count":1288},"true",3]