[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"notifications-list":3,"$fwaoalw2zq4wr":5},{"data":4},[],{"data":6,"error":12},{"id":7,"documentId":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"associated_anatomy":11,"differential_diagnosis":12,"epidemiology":13,"expected_prognosis":14,"pathophysiology":15,"primary_prevention":12,"sign_or_symptom":16,"medical_code":12,"species":17,"citations":20,"is_zoonotic":12,"reservoir":12,"drugs":37,"medical_tests":62,"clinical_signs":83,"animal_species":84},95,"jjdlvbfrxh850tibm4vz4t5w","chronic-kidney-disease","Chronic Kidney Disease","Kidneys (glomeruli, tubules, interstitium), urinary system, parathyroid glands, cardiovascular system, bone marrow (erythropoiesis)",null,"In cats, chronic kidney disease affects 1-3% of the general practice population but 31-80% of cats over 15 years, depending on the study, and is about twice as common in geriatric cats as in dogs of similar age. The cause is often unknown. Recognised contributors include breed, age, inherited polycystic kidney disease (PKD1 mutation), viral infections such as FIV, FeLV and feline infectious peritonitis, drugs including NSAIDs, periodontal disease, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Anaemia develops in about 30-65% of affected cats as disease advances, and hypertension in about 20-65%.","Irreversible and usually progressive; survival shortens as IRIS stage rises. Persistent proteinuria and hypertension are among the strongest predictors of poor outcome, along with anaemia, poor body condition and hyperphosphataemia.","This entry describes chronic kidney disease in cats and dogs, defined as a structural or functional abnormality of one or both kidneys present for at least three months. After an initial insult, surviving nephrons compensate through higher single-nephron filtration, glomerular hypertension and hypertrophy, which delays azotaemia until more than 75% of function is lost. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, first compensatory, becomes maladaptive and drives hyperfiltration and proteinuria, which promote inflammation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, the main irreversible lesion. Falling filtration disturbs mineral balance, causing hyperphosphataemia and renal secondary hyperparathyroidism. Reduced erythropoietin production causes anaemia, and systemic hypertension frequently develops.","Early disease rarely causes signs, though progressive weight loss may be an early clue. Later, owners notice increased thirst and urination, poor appetite, lethargy, weight loss, bad breath and vomiting. Laboratory tests show persistent azotaemia with poorly concentrated urine (specific gravity below 1.035 in cats), and rising creatinine and SDMA; SDMA rises earlier and is not affected by muscle mass. Staging (IRIS) uses creatinine, SDMA, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio and blood pressure. Ultrasound often shows increased cortical echogenicity and reduced corticomedullary distinction, although some affected kidneys look normal.",[18,19],"canine","feline",[21,28,32],{"claims":22,"source":23,"licence":24,"source_url":25,"harvested_by":26,"retrieved_at":27},"definition, prevalence, causes, pathogenesis, anaemia and hypertension rates, signs, diagnosis, IRIS staging, prognostic factors","Veterinary Sciences (2026) - Understanding the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats: From Pathophysiology to Emerging Biomarkers (PMC12945120, Europe PMC full text)","CC BY 4.0","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ebi.ac.uk\u002Feuropepmc\u002Fwebservices\u002Frest\u002FPMC12945120\u002FfullTextXML","load-reference-corpus.cjs","2026-09-17",{"claims":29,"source":30,"licence":24,"source_url":31,"harvested_by":26,"retrieved_at":27},"canine definition, IRIS criteria, ultrasound findings, normal-looking kidneys possible","Veterinary Sciences (2020) - How Ultrasound Can Be Useful for Staging Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs: 855 cases (PMC7712280, Europe PMC full text)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ebi.ac.uk\u002Feuropepmc\u002Fwebservices\u002Frest\u002FPMC7712280\u002FfullTextXML",{"claims":33,"source":34,"licence":35,"source_url":36,"harvested_by":26,"retrieved_at":27},"confirms irreversibility, azotaemia after about 75% nephron loss, clinical signs, high prevalence in geriatric cats","MSD Veterinary Manual - Renal Dysfunction in Dogs and Cats","not stated on source page; confirmation only","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Furinary-system\u002Fnoninfectious-diseases-of-the-urinary-system-in-small-animals\u002Frenal-dysfunction-in-dogs-and-cats",[38,42,47,52,57],{"id":39,"documentId":40,"slug":41,"name":41},1853,"blje9fnx5ihg8h16y7kk51x7","capromorelin",{"id":43,"documentId":44,"slug":45,"name":46},1603,"kkutlv4pph1fgww8d7ofg78h","amlodipine","Amlodipine",{"id":48,"documentId":49,"slug":50,"name":51},90,"pdxto9xdh5ivhqoqn0c9yflb","enalapril","Enalapril",{"id":53,"documentId":54,"slug":55,"name":56},124,"heynxa0va10gzel3li53rd4y","famotidine","Famotidine",{"id":58,"documentId":59,"slug":60,"name":61},1617,"z3qj7dn7uar9os0ns7yis06c","omeprazole","Omeprazole",[63,68,73,78],{"id":64,"documentId":65,"slug":66,"title":67},4,"jwpnm43mi14jttqwhz2fqjxs","serum-chemistry-panel","Serum Chemistry Panel",{"id":69,"documentId":70,"slug":71,"title":72},6,"lfo391nwhmuzyorrxgfwf5je","urinalysis","Urinalysis",{"id":74,"documentId":75,"slug":76,"title":77},2,"o2f5i2wkmedb3s7i3exhllxu","complete-blood-count-cbc","Complete Blood Count (CBC)",{"id":79,"documentId":80,"slug":81,"title":82},42,"hf0g8ryn7l2339ynsupl86ln","blood-pressure-measurement-doppler","Blood Pressure Measurement (Doppler)",[],[85,90],{"id":86,"documentId":87,"slug":88,"name_en":89,"name_ar":12},1414,"rvkmhyozs6s1tlfu4ehuopce","dog","Dog",{"id":91,"documentId":92,"slug":93,"name_en":94,"name_ar":12},1426,"j7o7tp1w2784juwb4te34z5r","domestic-cat","Domestic cat"]