[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"notifications-list":3,"$f3c9h4r43vnoj4":5},{"data":4},[],{"data":6,"error":18},{"id":7,"documentId":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"associated_anatomy":11,"differential_diagnosis":12,"epidemiology":13,"expected_prognosis":14,"pathophysiology":15,"primary_prevention":16,"sign_or_symptom":17,"medical_code":18,"species":19,"citations":21,"is_zoonotic":18,"reservoir":18,"drugs":39,"medical_tests":40,"clinical_signs":46,"animal_species":47},241,"tbxp6e5fqqoonnsrxotuoxwb","equine-infectious-anemia-eia","Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)","Blood (red cells, platelets), macrophages, spleen, liver, lymph nodes, lower limbs and ventral body (oedema)","Equine viral arteritis and infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum are named differentials, along with other causes of fever, oedema, anaemia, low platelets or haemorrhages. Clinical signs alone cannot confirm EIA; diagnosis rests on serology, with ELISA screening and a positive result confirmed by the agar gel immunodiffusion (Coggins) test.","Infection is limited to equids and occurs worldwide. Once infected, a horse stays viraemic and infectious for life. Transmission requires transfer of blood or contaminated secretions: in nature mainly through interrupted feeding of horseflies and deerflies moving from a sick horse to a healthy one, and through people via re-used needles and syringes, blood transfusions and contaminated instruments. Infection in the womb can also occur. Horses with clinical signs carry more virus and are a higher transmission risk than inapparent carriers. The virus is not considered a human health risk. In the United States, testing since 1972 cut estimated prevalence from nearly 4% to 0.004%. EIA is WOAH-listed.","No treatment or vaccine. Horses surviving acute attacks become lifelong carriers, usually without signs but infectious to other equids; acute episodes can be fatal.","Equine infectious anaemia (EIA) is caused by equine infectious anaemia virus, a lentivirus in the family Retroviridae, related to the feline and human immunodeficiency viruses. The virus is blood-borne and establishes lifelong infection. Tissue macrophages are its main replication site and reservoir: replication is extensive during acute disease and heavily restricted during subclinical phases, which lets the virus persist. Antigenic variants of the virus are thought to trigger recurrent febrile episodes. Thrombocytopenia during acute disease appears to reflect a primary production deficit rather than simple destruction of cells. In acute cases the lymph nodes, spleen and liver become enlarged and infiltrated with immature lymphocytes and plasma cells, and liver Kupffer cells contain haemosiderin.","Regular serological testing (Coggins\u002FELISA); quarantine or euthanasia of positives, kept at least 200 yards from other equids; fly control; strict hygiene, never re-using needles, syringes or instruments.","The incubation period is usually 1-3 weeks but can reach 3 months, and many infections stay clinically inapparent. Acute episodes bring fever, reduced appetite and severe anaemia, sometimes with jaundice, rapid breathing and heart rate, nosebleeds, bloody faeces or sudden death. Recurrent fever, weight loss, low platelet counts and swelling of the lower body and limbs characterise the disease. Episodes become less frequent and milder over about a year, leaving a chronic carrier with no signs. At necropsy of acute cases, lymph nodes, spleen and liver are congested and enlarged.",null,[20],"equine",[22,29,34],{"claims":23,"source":24,"licence":25,"source_url":26,"harvested_by":27,"retrieved_at":28},"agent, lifelong carriers, transmission incl. tabanids, iatrogenic and in utero, worldwide, clinical picture, incubation, lesions, differentials, serological diagnosis, no vaccine, no human risk","WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2019, Chapter 3.6.6 Equine infectious anaemia","(c) WOAH, free to consult","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.06.06_EIA.pdf","load-reference-corpus.cjs","2026-09-17",{"claims":30,"source":31,"licence":32,"source_url":33,"harvested_by":27,"retrieved_at":28},"species, fly and human-facilitated transmission, clinical signs, no treatment or vaccine, lifelong carriers, quarantine distance, fly control, US prevalence figures","USDA APHIS - Equine Infectious Anemia","US government work, public domain (not stated on source page)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aphis.usda.gov\u002Flivestock-poultry-disease\u002Fequine\u002Finfectious-anemia",{"claims":35,"source":36,"licence":37,"source_url":38,"harvested_by":27,"retrieved_at":28},"pathophysiology: macrophage reservoir, restricted replication in subclinical phase, antigenic variants, thrombocytopenia as production deficit, waning episodes over a year","Equine infectious anemia virus is found in tissue macrophages during subclinical infection. J Virol 1998;72(9):7263-7269 (PMC109949)","(c) 1998 American Society for Microbiology","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC109949\u002F",[],[41],{"id":42,"documentId":43,"slug":44,"title":45},72,"p7181ch2ffbs96lo9z2r5wta","equine-infectious-anemia-eia-coggins-test","Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) Coggins Test",[],[48],{"id":49,"documentId":50,"slug":51,"name_en":52,"name_ar":18},1425,"gk2ehqoeeinarnk4yz37j5o4","horse","Horse"]