[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"notifications-list":3,"$f2erb07o5y1d0y":5},{"data":4},[],{"data":6,"error":18},{"id":7,"documentId":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"associated_anatomy":11,"differential_diagnosis":12,"epidemiology":13,"expected_prognosis":14,"pathophysiology":15,"primary_prevention":16,"sign_or_symptom":17,"medical_code":18,"species":19,"citations":28,"is_zoonotic":18,"reservoir":46,"drugs":47,"medical_tests":48,"clinical_signs":49,"animal_species":50},121,"xs49o6iwmx1kgfpib2bnc356","infection-with-mycoplasma-gallisepticum-avian-mycoplasmosis","Infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Avian mycoplasmosis)","Upper respiratory tract, nasal passages, infraorbital sinuses, conjunctiva, air sacs, egg and embryo (vertical transmission)","In chickens, mild Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis, which may also coexist with it; Avibacterium paragallinarum; and Pasteurella multocida. In broilers, avian metapneumovirus with E. coli. In turkeys, avian metapneumovirus, and for sinusitis Bordetella avium, P. multocida, Chlamydia and Mycoplasma synoviae. Separation depends on isolating the organism or detecting its DNA by PCR, with serology used for flock screening.","M. gallisepticum occurs worldwide and matters most in chickens and turkeys, turkeys being more susceptible; game birds, pigeons, ducks, geese, peafowl and wild birds can also be infected. It passes vertically through the egg and by mating, and horizontally by close contact, respiratory secretions, droppings, contaminated egg flats, crates and equipment; people can carry it on clothing and in their noses. Shows, auctions and birds of unknown status introduce it to clean flocks. The organism survives only days off the host but has lasted up to 9 days on synthetic fibre. A pooled global molecular prevalence of 27.0% has been estimated, and a serological survey in Egypt found 10.9% of chicken flocks infected. No human infection has been reported.","Mortality is low in adult birds but can reach 30% with concurrent respiratory viruses or E. coli. Tetracyclines or macrolides reduce signs but do not clear infection; recovered birds stay lifelong carriers and spread it.","Avian mycoplasmosis in this sense is infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a wall-less bacterium of the class Mollicutes and the most important pathogenic avian mycoplasma. It anchors to the lining of the respiratory tract through adhesin proteins (GapA and CrmA working together), damages and strips the cilia and sets up persistent inflammation. By continually changing its surface VlhA antigens it dodges the immune response, so infection becomes chronic and birds stay carriers for life. Within days it spreads to the air sacs, and it can be recovered from inner organs such as liver, heart, spleen and kidney. Exudate builds from mucus to caseous masses in the air sacs and, in turkeys and game birds, the infraorbital sinuses. Disease is much worse when Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus or Escherichia coli are also present.","Stock from MG-free breeder flocks, strict biosecurity, quarantine new or show birds for at least 4 weeks, keep out wild birds and rodents, and use live (F, ts-11, 6\u002F85) or inactivated vaccines where infection is unavoidable.","Many flocks are only mildly or subclinically affected, noticed as poorer growth, feed efficiency and egg output. Clinical birds cough, sneeze and have rales, nasal discharge and frothy, foamy eyes, sometimes breathing with the beak partly open. Turkeys and game birds develop swollen infraorbital sinuses that can close the eyelids, and turkeys soil their wing feathers wiping their eyes. Signs flare under stress, dust and ammonia. Breeders and layers show a chronic drop in lay. At necropsy the air sacs hold mucoid, then cheesy exudate, and the sinuses of turkeys hold mucoid to caseous material.",null,[20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27],"Chickens","Turkeys","Game birds","Pigeons","Ducks","Geese","Peafowl","Wild birds",[29,36,41],{"claims":30,"source":31,"licence":32,"source_url":33,"harvested_by":34,"retrieved_at":35},"agent and class, hosts, vertical and horizontal spread, survival on fibres, signs and lesions, co-infection effects, no human infection, differential diagnosis, diagnostic tests, vaccines","WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2021 - Chapter 3.3.5 Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. synoviae)","(c) WOAH, free to consult","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.03.05_AVIAN_MYCO.pdf","load-reference-corpus.cjs","2026-09-17",{"claims":37,"source":38,"licence":39,"source_url":40,"harvested_by":34,"retrieved_at":35},"host list, signs, mortality up to 30% with co-infection, carriers, spread by fomites, people and shows, biosecurity and quarantine, antibiotics do not eliminate infection","University of Maryland Extension - Recognizing and Preventing Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) Infection in Poultry (FS-1008)","not stated on source page","https:\u002F\u002Fextension.umd.edu\u002Fsites\u002Fextension.umd.edu\u002Ffiles\u002F2022-04\u002FFS-1008%20Recognizing%20and%20Preventing%20Mycoplasma%20gallisepticum%20(MG)%20Infecti....pdf",{"claims":42,"source":43,"licence":44,"source_url":45,"harvested_by":34,"retrieved_at":35},"adhesins, deciliation, antigenic variation, spread to air sacs and organs, global and Egyptian prevalence, vaccine strains, tetracyclines and macrolides","Pathogenic mechanisms and vaccine development for Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens - Europe PMC full text","CC BY","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ebi.ac.uk\u002Feuropepmc\u002Fwebservices\u002Frest\u002FPMC12833883\u002FfullTextXML",[22,27],[],[],[],[51,55,60,65,70,75],{"id":52,"documentId":53,"slug":54,"name_en":26,"name_ar":18},834,"ndo0smaygceem1hvlbzn7nmr","peafowl",{"id":56,"documentId":57,"slug":58,"name_en":59,"name_ar":18},1403,"dgben1yiycmxxdqxeyusr75f","duck","Duck",{"id":61,"documentId":62,"slug":63,"name_en":64,"name_ar":18},1404,"tyjhu9aaak6xr5534vc77bsx","goose","Goose",{"id":66,"documentId":67,"slug":68,"name_en":69,"name_ar":18},1419,"f27l4x49rln1e010yt6qkpxm","pigeon","Pigeon",{"id":71,"documentId":72,"slug":73,"name_en":74,"name_ar":18},1427,"nxuraoydsn1ul47omwk4ofrt","chicken","Chicken",{"id":76,"documentId":77,"slug":78,"name_en":79,"name_ar":18},1430,"ksk50vgfsax1lvsijnx29stb","turkey","Turkey"]