[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"notifications-list":3,"$f1yqlk81ttsrjw":5},{"data":4},[],{"data":6,"error":12},{"id":7,"documentId":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"associated_anatomy":11,"differential_diagnosis":12,"epidemiology":13,"expected_prognosis":14,"pathophysiology":15,"primary_prevention":16,"sign_or_symptom":17,"medical_code":12,"species":18,"citations":24,"is_zoonotic":12,"reservoir":12,"drugs":41,"medical_tests":42,"clinical_signs":43,"animal_species":44},202,"utatcocq73n9g3r007lotrf4","infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis-infectious-pustular","Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis\u002Finfectious pustular vulvovaginitis","Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, lungs, conjunctiva, tonsils, trigeminal and sacral ganglia, vulva and vagina, prepuce and penis, placenta and fetus (liver), mammary gland (milk yield)",null,"Domestic and wild cattle are the main hosts, and goats, sheep, water buffalo and camelids can also be infected. The virus occurs wherever cattle are kept, except in countries that have eradicated it, as several European states have. Nasal secretions carry large amounts of virus for up to about two weeks after infection, and infected bulls shed it in semen, so natural mating and artificial insemination both transmit it. Because infection is lifelong and reactivates, every antibody-positive animal is treated as a carrier (except after inactivated vaccine or from colostral antibodies). With secondary agents it forms part of the severe respiratory complex of young cattle known as shipping or crowding fever.","Most infections are mild or subclinical; uncomplicated cases last about 5-10 days and deaths are low. Secondary bacterial pneumonia can kill, newborn calves suffer high mortality, and recovered animals stay latent carriers for life.","IBR\u002FIPV is caused by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), an enveloped DNA alphaherpesvirus of the genus Varicellovirus. After airborne exposure it multiplies to high titres in the mucosa of the upper airways and tonsils, spreads to the conjunctiva, and travels along nerve axons to the trigeminal ganglia. After genital exposure it replicates in vaginal or preputial mucosa and becomes latent in the sacral ganglia. Viral DNA probably stays in these neurons for life; stress such as transport or calving, or corticosteroid treatment, reactivates it so the animal sheds virus again without showing illness. Damaged airway mucosa lets secondary bacteria cause pneumonia, and the virus can cross to the fetus, causing abortion.","Inactivated or modified live vaccines, including gE-deleted marker vaccines that allow infected and vaccinated cattle to be told apart; avoid parenteral modified live vaccine in naive pregnant cows; test-and-removal eradication programmes.","Signs begin 2-4 days after exposure according to WOAH, or 2-6 days according to MSD. Fever, dullness, poor appetite, drooling and a clear nasal discharge appear first, turning mucopurulent within days, with a reddened muzzle (red nose), cough and conjunctivitis; conjunctivitis may be the only sign. Laryngeal obstruction can cause laboured breathing. Genital infection causes pustular vulvovaginitis in cows and balanoposthitis in bulls. Abortion may follow respiratory disease, typically at four to seven months of gestation, and milk yield falls. Newborn calves can develop severe generalised disease. At necropsy there are clusters of grey necrotic foci and fibrinous plaques in nasal passages, larynx and trachea.",[19,20,21,22,23],"Cattle","Water buffalo","Goats","Sheep","Camels",[25,32,37],{"claims":26,"source":27,"licence":28,"source_url":29,"harvested_by":30,"retrieved_at":31},"agent, pathophysiology (replication sites, latency in trigeminal\u002Fsacral ganglia, reactivation), host range, distribution, shedding and semen transmission, signs incl. red nose and IPV\u002FIPB, low mortality, uncomplicated course 5-10 days, vaccines and gE marker DIVA; states incubation period of 2-4 days","WOAH Terrestrial Manual 2024, Chapter 3.4.11 Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis\u002Finfectious pustular vulvovaginitis","(c) WOAH, free to consult","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woah.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002FHome\u002Feng\u002FHealth_standards\u002Ftahm\u002F3.04.11_IBR_IPV.pdf","load-reference-corpus.cjs","2026-09-17",{"claims":33,"source":34,"licence":35,"source_url":36,"harvested_by":30,"retrieved_at":31},"confirms respiratory signs, conjunctivitis as sole sign, necrotic nasal foci and plaques, recovery in 4-5 days without secondary pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia fatal, severe disease in young calves, parenteral MLV abortion risk; states incubation period of 2-6 days, which disagrees with WOAH's 2-4 days","MSD Veterinary Manual - Viral Infections Associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex in Cattle (confirmation only)","not stated on source page","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Frespiratory-system\u002Fbovine-respiratory-disease-complex\u002Fviral-infections-associated-with-bovine-respiratory-disease-complex-in-cattle",{"claims":38,"source":39,"licence":35,"source_url":40,"harvested_by":30,"retrieved_at":31},"confirms abortion at 4-7 months of gestation, fetal liver necrosis, gE-deleted marker vaccines preferred","MSD Veterinary Manual - Abortion in Cattle (confirmation only)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Freproductive-system\u002Fabortion-in-large-animals\u002Fabortion-in-cattle",[],[],[],[45,49,54,59,64],{"id":46,"documentId":47,"slug":48,"name_en":19,"name_ar":12},777,"h9lqv8yrfatdtq0hbnxk1jug","cattle",{"id":50,"documentId":51,"slug":52,"name_en":53,"name_ar":12},790,"jkfqato7h2oc2847wygzmagk","camel","Camel",{"id":55,"documentId":56,"slug":57,"name_en":58,"name_ar":12},1410,"fkk97am9k1b8ygyqodz48cp4","buffalo","Buffalo",{"id":60,"documentId":61,"slug":62,"name_en":63,"name_ar":12},1415,"kb5w3rwizs3rqlt7he1sz639","goat","Goat",{"id":65,"documentId":66,"slug":67,"name_en":22,"name_ar":12},1439,"t5n3sypt319doki27xt9jx73","sheep"]