[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"notifications-list":3,"$f1f3tknml4t9iv":5},{"data":4},[],{"data":6,"error":12},{"id":7,"documentId":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"associated_anatomy":11,"differential_diagnosis":12,"epidemiology":13,"expected_prognosis":14,"pathophysiology":15,"primary_prevention":16,"sign_or_symptom":17,"medical_code":12,"species":18,"citations":20,"is_zoonotic":12,"reservoir":12,"drugs":32,"medical_tests":47,"clinical_signs":58,"animal_species":59},234,"ryluw898rahaaisguk0e2s0v","ketosis","Ketosis","Liver, adipose tissue (especially abdominal fat), blood, rumen and abomasum, mammary gland, central nervous system (nervous form), reproductive tract",null,"The disease affects dairy cattle in the transition period around calving. Subclinical ketosis is common: reported prevalence is 7.6-33.1% in US herds and 5.1-20.5% in Europe, and one review cites up to 40% at the start of lactation. New cases peak three to seven days after calving, and multiparous cows are affected more than first-calvers. Risk rises with high milk yield, over-conditioning in the dry period, loss of body condition before calving, longer dry periods, calving intervals longer than twelve months, first calving at 25 months or older, Jersey breed and genetic predisposition. In multiparous cows, dry matter intake can fall by about 31% over the last three weeks before calving.","Subclinical cases usually resolve with oral propylene glycol. Affected cows carry about 3.3 times the risk of displaced abomasum, 1.9 times the culling risk and lower first-service conception (35.1% vs 40%); a case costs US$77-289.","Ketosis is a metabolic disease of dairy cows in early lactation, not an infection. Around calving, feed intake falls while energy demand for milk rises, creating negative energy balance. The cow mobilises body fat, releasing non-esterified fatty acids into the blood; the liver oxidises them, but when gluconeogenic substrate runs short the resulting acetyl-CoA cannot enter the Krebs cycle and is diverted into ketone bodies: acetone, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Fat also accumulates in the liver, producing hepatic steatosis. Abdominal fat in high-producing cows is especially quick to mobilise and pro-inflammatory, worsening ketone production and favouring endotoxaemia.","Moderate body condition through the dry and transition periods with no loss before calving; balanced rations; gluconeogenic supplements (glycerol, calcium propionate, propylene glycol); monensin to raise rumen propionate; cow comfort.","Most affected cows show nothing obvious, and subclinical ketosis is found only by testing: elevated blood beta-hydroxybutyrate, commonly defined as at least 1.2 mmol\u002FL in the United States or 1.4 mmol\u002FL in Canada. In clinical cases, feed intake and milk yield fall. Some cows develop nervous signs: aimless wandering, an unsteady gait, bellowing and occasional aggression. Affected cows go on to have more displaced abomasum, metritis, retained fetal membranes, mastitis, lameness and poorer fertility; fatty liver accompanies the condition.",[19],"bovine",[21,28],{"claims":22,"source":23,"licence":24,"source_url":25,"harvested_by":26,"retrieved_at":27},"clinical vs subclinical definitions and BHB cut-points, prevalence and timing, ketogenesis mechanism, abdominal adiposity and endotoxaemia, risk factors, nervous signs, associated diseases and risk ratios, diagnostic tests, propylene glycol treatment, prevention incl. monensin, cost per case","Update on ketosis in dairy cattle with major emphasis on subclinical ketosis and abdominal adiposity (Veterinary Medicine and Science 2024, PMC11362977)","not captured from source page","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC11362977\u002F","load-reference-corpus.cjs","2026-09-17",{"claims":29,"source":30,"licence":24,"source_url":31,"harvested_by":26,"retrieved_at":27},"negative energy balance and lipolysis releasing NEFA, insufficient gluconeogenesis causing ketosis and hepatic steatosis, subclinical prevalence up to 40%, over-conditioning risk, 31% pre-calving intake drop, glycerol and propylene glycol as gluconeogenic precursors","Metabolism, Ketosis Treatment and Milk Production after Using Glycerol in Dairy Cows: A Review (Animals 2020, PMC7460308)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7460308\u002F",[33,37,42],{"id":34,"documentId":35,"slug":36,"name":36},1681,"ubjl32hqlddowvqvzztq5iop","dextrose",{"id":38,"documentId":39,"slug":40,"name":41},1786,"rhczf8tob5zhc7qwe7lepk7b","propylene-glycol","propylene glycol",{"id":43,"documentId":44,"slug":45,"name":46},1604,"fep2yq0dwved60ame2ape4rb","dexamethasone","Dexamethasone",[48,53],{"id":49,"documentId":50,"slug":51,"title":52},6,"lfo391nwhmuzyorrxgfwf5je","urinalysis","Urinalysis",{"id":54,"documentId":55,"slug":56,"title":57},4,"jwpnm43mi14jttqwhz2fqjxs","serum-chemistry-panel","Serum Chemistry Panel",[],[60],{"id":61,"documentId":62,"slug":63,"name_en":64,"name_ar":12},777,"h9lqv8yrfatdtq0hbnxk1jug","cattle","Cattle"]