[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"notifications-list":3,"$fi2xnql0t5z0e":5},{"data":4},[],{"data":6,"error":18},{"id":7,"documentId":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"associated_anatomy":11,"differential_diagnosis":12,"epidemiology":13,"expected_prognosis":14,"pathophysiology":15,"primary_prevention":16,"sign_or_symptom":17,"medical_code":18,"species":19,"citations":22,"is_zoonotic":18,"reservoir":18,"drugs":40,"medical_tests":41,"clinical_signs":42,"animal_species":43},229,"xdw251s48pe71f16moc9lrh9","necrotic-enteritis","Necrotic enteritis","Small intestine (jejunum, ileum), intestinal mucosa, liver, bile ducts","Coccidiosis, especially Eimeria brunetti, causes overlapping gut lesions, but uncomplicated coccidiosis produces less acute and less severe lesions; the two often occur together. Ulcerative enteritis, caused by Clostridium colinum, is distinguished by accompanying hepatic necrosis. Confirmation combines the typical small-intestinal pseudomembrane with culture of C. perfringens on selective media, where it forms black colonies, and real-time PCR.","The disease mainly strikes broiler chickens at 2-5 weeks and turkeys at 7-12 weeks, and caged layer pullets can also be affected; chickens up to 6 months have been reported. Outbreaks are triggered by predisposing factors rather than by the organism alone: coccidiosis (notably Eimeria maxima and E. acervulina), diets rich in animal protein, fish meal, wheat, barley, oats or rye, mycotoxins, immunosuppressive diseases such as infectious bursal disease, crowding and heat or cold stress. Incidence rose markedly where in-feed antibiotic growth promoters were banned. Global losses are estimated at about USD 6 billion a year. C. perfringens from poultry products is also a leading cause of human foodborne illness.","Mortality in outbreaks ranges from 2% to 50%, sometimes up to 1% per day; birds with signs die within 24 hours. Antimicrobials in drinking water control outbreaks. Subclinical disease causes poor growth and liver condemnation up to 20%.","Necrotic enteritis is an enterotoxaemic disease caused by overgrowth of Clostridium perfringens, a Gram-positive anaerobe, in the small intestine. Older texts name types A and C; under the 2018 toxin-typing scheme the strains responsible in chickens are type G, which carry the netB gene and also make alpha toxin. NetB is a pore-forming toxin that punches small pores in intestinal cells, and alpha toxin, a phospholipase, breaks down cell membranes; a strain lacking NetB failed to cause disease experimentally. Mucosal damage from coccidia, excess protein and viscous grains feeds bacterial multiplication and toxin release, so the jejunum and ileum necrose and a fibrinonecrotic pseudomembrane forms. The subclinical form damages the gut and bile ducts, causing cholangiohepatitis.","Control coccidiosis by vaccination or anticoccidials, avoid abrupt feed changes and high levels of animal protein, fish meal and viscous grains, and use probiotics, competitive exclusion cultures or prebiotics. Vaccine candidates include recombinant NetB.","Clinical necrotic enteritis is abrupt: the first sign is usually a sudden rise in flock deaths, with birds severely depressed, ruffled and sometimes diarrhoeic, dying within 24 hours of showing signs. Outbreaks typically last 5-14 days. The subclinical form shows only reduced feed intake and poor growth, then liver condemnations at slaughter. At necropsy the jejunum and ileum are ballooned and friable, contain foul brown fluid, and are lined with a tan to yellow-orange pseudomembrane, the classic dirty towel appearance.",null,[20,21],"Chickens","Turkeys",[23,30,35],{"claims":24,"source":25,"licence":26,"source_url":27,"harvested_by":28,"retrieved_at":29},"toxins and mechanisms, NetB mutant experiment, predisposing factors, antibiotic ban effect, ages, cholangiohepatitis, pseudomembrane, 1% per day mortality, USD 6 billion loss, culture and PCR, prevention, foodborne importance","Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: A Review on the Pathogen, Pathogenesis, and Prevention (PMC9610872)","CC BY 4.0","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC9610872\u002F","load-reference-corpus.cjs","2026-09-17",{"claims":31,"source":32,"licence":33,"source_url":34,"harvested_by":28,"retrieved_at":29},"type G under 2018 scheme, NetB pore formation, death within 24 h, subclinical form and cholangiohepatitis, 2-50% mortality, liver condemnations up to 20%","Role of Clostridium perfringens Necrotic Enteritis B-like Toxin in Disease Pathogenesis (PMC8780507)","CC BY","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC8780507\u002F",{"claims":36,"source":37,"licence":38,"source_url":39,"harvested_by":28,"retrieved_at":29},"confirmation: host ages, Eimeria species, dietary factors, signs, 2-50% mortality over 5-14 days, lesions, differentials (E. brunetti, ulcerative enteritis), antimicrobials in water, prevention","Merck Veterinary Manual - Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry","not stated on source page","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.merckvetmanual.com\u002Fpoultry\u002Fnecrotic-enteritis\u002Fnecrotic-enteritis-in-poultry",[],[],[],[44,49],{"id":45,"documentId":46,"slug":47,"name_en":48,"name_ar":18},1427,"nxuraoydsn1ul47omwk4ofrt","chicken","Chicken",{"id":50,"documentId":51,"slug":52,"name_en":53,"name_ar":18},1430,"ksk50vgfsax1lvsijnx29stb","turkey","Turkey"]