[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"notifications-list":3,"$f3tvajecbn9hq1":5},{"data":4},[],{"data":6,"error":18},{"id":7,"documentId":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"associated_anatomy":11,"differential_diagnosis":12,"epidemiology":13,"expected_prognosis":14,"pathophysiology":15,"primary_prevention":16,"sign_or_symptom":17,"medical_code":18,"species":19,"citations":23,"is_zoonotic":18,"reservoir":18,"drugs":48,"medical_tests":84,"clinical_signs":100,"animal_species":101},236,"ljnochda65yq3jzl6r6dli3m","osteoarthritis","Osteoarthritis","Synovial joints: articular cartilage, subchondral bone, synovial membrane and fluid, periarticular tissues; commonly hip, elbow and stifle in dogs","The main alternatives in a dog with joint pain are septic arthritis and immune-mediated arthritis. Both are suppurative, with many neutrophils in synovial fluid and a marked rise in serum C-reactive protein, whereas osteoarthritic joints have no increase in synovial neutrophils and serum CRP is not raised. Radiography identifies developmental joint disease, and further imaging such as arthroscopy, CT or MRI is used to exclude other joint pathology before the diagnosis is confirmed.","In dogs, osteoarthritis is reported in about 20% of dogs over one year of age in North America, while UK primary-care estimates range from 2.5-6.6% of all dogs to 20% of dogs over a year old. Secondary osteoarthritis is the most common form, often starting early in life from developmental disease such as hip or elbow dysplasia or osteochondritis dissecans, from cranial cruciate ligament disease, patellar luxation or joint trauma. Reported risk factors include higher body weight, neutering, breed (for example Rottweilers and Golden Retrievers), age, unrestricted feeding and certain exercise patterns. Radiographic osteoarthritis is estimated in 90% of cats over 12 years old. In horses it causes up to 60% of lameness cases.","Incurable and progressive; care aims to limit pain, mobility loss and poor quality of life. Stage-based long-term management gives functional improvement, and total hip replacement gives excellent outcomes in most suitable dogs.","Osteoarthritis is a progressive, degenerative disease of synovial joints, not an infection. Once described as non-inflammatory, it is now understood to involve low-grade chronic inflammation of the cartilage, subchondral bone and synovium. In the joint, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha, raised in synovial fluid, synovial membrane, cartilage and bone, drive synovitis and cause chondrocytes to release matrix metalloproteinases, aggrecanases, reactive oxygen species and prostaglandins that break down cartilage matrix. The joint deteriorates structurally, with articular cartilage loss, osteophyte formation and periarticular tissue change. Persistent pain can lead to peripheral and central sensitisation, affecting mood, sleep and cognition. In dogs most cases are secondary to an earlier joint disorder or injury.","Keep optimal body weight and condition, avoid unrestricted feeding and monitor growth in young dogs, give age- and breed-appropriate exercise avoiding excessive high-impact loading, assess at-risk young dogs, consider preventive surgery.","Dogs show joint pain, lameness and reduced activity and mobility, graded from mild to severe clinical stages. The clinical picture is built from an owner questionnaire, observation of posture and gait, and hands-on palpation and manipulation of the joints, then confirmed by radiography, which also reveals underlying developmental disease. Radiographic changes correlate poorly with pain and function. In cats lameness is uncommon; signs develop gradually and are subtle and non-specific, so owners and veterinarians often attribute them to ageing. In horses osteoarthritis presents as lameness in athletic or older animals.",null,[20,21,22],"canine","feline","equine",[24,31,35,40,44],{"claims":25,"source":26,"licence":27,"source_url":28,"harvested_by":29,"retrieved_at":30},"definition, chronic inflammation, developmental and traumatic causes, central sensitisation, clinical assessment and staging, radiography-pain mismatch, imaging to exclude other pathology, incurable prognosis, management approach, total hip replacement outcomes, weight management, growth monitoring, preventive surgery","Frontiers in Veterinary Science (2023) - COAST Development Group's international consensus guidelines for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis (PMC10436090)","CC BY","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC10436090\u002F","load-reference-corpus.cjs","2026-09-17",{"claims":32,"source":33,"licence":27,"source_url":34,"harvested_by":29,"retrieved_at":30},"prevalence in North America and UK, primary vs secondary osteoarthritis, predisposing arthropathies (dysplasia, cruciate disease, patellar luxation), risk factors incl. body weight, neutering, breed, feeding and exercise","Frontiers in Veterinary Science (2020) - Risk Factors for Canine Osteoarthritis and Its Predisposing Arthropathies: A Systematic Review (PMC7198754)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7198754\u002F",{"claims":36,"source":37,"licence":38,"source_url":39,"harvested_by":29,"retrieved_at":30},"differential diagnosis vs septic and immune-mediated arthritis by synovial neutrophils and serum CRP, local inflammation in OA, cartilage deterioration, osteophytes, periarticular change","BMC Veterinary Research (2016) - Measurement of serum C-reactive protein concentration for discriminating between suppurative arthritis and osteoarthritis in dogs (PMC5084410)","CC BY 4.0","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5084410\u002F",{"claims":41,"source":42,"licence":27,"source_url":43,"harvested_by":29,"retrieved_at":30},"equine OA as up to 60% of lameness, cytokine-driven pathogenesis (IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, MMPs, aggrecanases, ROS, PGE2), subchondral bone and synovial involvement","Frontiers in Veterinary Science (2021) - A Comparative Review of Autologous Conditioned Serum and Autologous Protein Solution for Treatment of Osteoarthritis in Horses (PMC7933025)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7933025\u002F",{"claims":45,"source":46,"licence":27,"source_url":47,"harvested_by":29,"retrieved_at":30},"radiographic OA in 90% of cats over 12, lameness uncommon, gradual subtle signs attributed to ageing","Frontiers in Veterinary Science (2021) - Indicators of Health-Related Quality of Life in Cats With Degenerative Joint Disease: Systematic Review and Proposal of a Conceptual Framework (PMC8636455)","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC8636455\u002F",[49,54,59,64,69,74,79],{"id":50,"documentId":51,"slug":52,"name":53},1583,"rdw9hjrcoc9mdm6nw02c3d3z","meloxicam","Meloxicam",{"id":55,"documentId":56,"slug":57,"name":58},1584,"jfhish5bw5hjkgxru2gp9qwu","carprofen","Carprofen",{"id":60,"documentId":61,"slug":62,"name":63},1585,"up738iw2t6qwgwxaezjdc530","robenacoxib","Robenacoxib",{"id":65,"documentId":66,"slug":67,"name":68},1588,"zl1dzauakccq6tugavfvbqku","firocoxib","Firocoxib",{"id":70,"documentId":71,"slug":72,"name":73},1587,"r3mwzolndoj9di8qoyu2uwnd","phenylbutazone","Phenylbutazone",{"id":75,"documentId":76,"slug":77,"name":78},1537,"fpj0oy47v7pnc99uvd1a97sb","tramadol","Tramadol",{"id":80,"documentId":81,"slug":82,"name":83},1598,"ndpkigsyxqpo210tzoh59ex9","buprenorphine","Buprenorphine",[85,90,95],{"id":86,"documentId":87,"slug":88,"title":89},26,"oosukb4bzxngcfarcscqafme","radiography-x-ray","Radiography (X-Ray)",{"id":91,"documentId":92,"slug":93,"title":94},60,"ox6kxva2l1nu69u1e0kfl3oy","joint-fluid-synovial-analysis","Joint Fluid (Synovial) Analysis",{"id":96,"documentId":97,"slug":98,"title":99},38,"zy4a5r0p4i7h8e2a4zjkm6qa","arthroscopy","Arthroscopy",[],[102,107,112],{"id":103,"documentId":104,"slug":105,"name_en":106,"name_ar":18},1414,"rvkmhyozs6s1tlfu4ehuopce","dog","Dog",{"id":108,"documentId":109,"slug":110,"name_en":111,"name_ar":18},1425,"gk2ehqoeeinarnk4yz37j5o4","horse","Horse",{"id":113,"documentId":114,"slug":115,"name_en":116,"name_ar":18},1426,"j7o7tp1w2784juwb4te34z5r","domestic-cat","Domestic cat"]