Buffalo Bubalus bubalis
تعريف
The domestic water buffalo is an Asian bovine of about 205 million head, more than 98 percent of them in Asia, and it splits into two types a clinician must tell apart. River buffalo carry 2n=50 chromosomes, make up roughly 70 percent of the world population and are dairy animals; swamp buffalo carry 2n=48 and are draught animals, ploughing 0.025 to 0.032 hectares an hour over a working life of 10 to 15 years, and the F1 cross carries 2n=49. Mature animals over three years weigh 450 to 800 kg. Reproduction is slow and late: gestation runs 308 days in Murrah to 332 in Malaysian swamp buffalo, first calving falls between 3.5 and 4.7 years, and calving intervals of 395 to 651 days are reported. Milk is rich, 7 to 10 percent fat with a dairy-breed mean of 7.5, though lactation yield is reported inconsistently: 1500 to 4500 litres on FAO's dairy pages against 1000 to 2000 kg for riverine and 430 to 620 kg for swamp buffalo in FAO's older literature. Thermoregulation defines the husbandry. Buffalo skin is thick and melanin-rich with sebaceous rather than effective sweat glands, so the swamp buffalo is semi-aquatic and lies partly submerged from mid-morning to late afternoon; wallow access, heat load and skin disease therefore lead the clinical workup, and the species is a host for Babesia bovis and B. bigemina.
المؤشّرات الحيوية
- الوزن عند البلوغ
- 450 – 800
- العمر عند أول تكاثر
- 3 – 3.3 years
- مدّة الحمل
- 308 – 332 days
Mature buffaloes over three years of age; breed means given include Murrah 500 kg, Nili-Ravi 510 kg, Chinese swamp 577 kg, Thai swamp 473 kg, Philippine swamp 463 kg.
Age at FIRST MATING, from FAO Table 7 (Reproductive characteristics), which is indexed by country: Taiwan 3.0 years, China 3.3 years; no other country reports this row. Supporting prose in the same section: 'Age at puberty amongst swamp buffaloes was reported to be at 2.8 years and first mating usually after the third year. However, these values largely depend on management factors.' Age at FIRST CALVING is a different row in the same table (India 3.5, Philippines 3.6, Sri Lanka 3.6, China 4.7 years) and must not be stored here - it is about one gestation later.
Span across the countries tabulated in FAO Table 7, which is indexed BY COUNTRY, not by buffalo type: India 308, Sri Lanka 309, China 315, Philippines 320, Malaysia 332. Sri Lanka's animal in this document is not swamp - Table 4 (body weights) of the same paper lists Sri Lanka's breed as Surti, a river breed. India 308 is the Murrah/river figure; China, Philippines and Malaysia are swamp-dominant.
تُعرض المؤشّرات المُوثَّقة فقط. غياب مؤشّر هنا يعني أنه غير مذكور في مرجع موثوق لهذا النوع — لا أنه ناقص من الصفحة.
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كل السلالات ←العلامات السريرية — لا يوجد ارتباط
لا علامة سريرية منشورة بعد — وهي أيضاً ما ينقص باحث العلامات.
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