Llama Lama glama

Llama2 مصادر موثّقة

تعريف

The llama is the largest domestic South American camelid, derived from the guanaco in the southern Andes between roughly 7,100 and 4,500 years ago and kept ever since as a pack animal and for meat, with fibre a coarser third product. About 3.3 million live on the Andean high plateau, Bolivia holding some 2.4 million and Peru 1.2 million, mostly in smallholder flocks; South America clips around 3,300 tonnes of llama fibre a year in fleeces of 1.5 to 3.5 kg averaging 33 microns, too coarse to compete with alpaca. Adults weigh about 125 kg. Llamas are induced ovulators carrying for 342 to 350 days, so a female rarely raises more than one cria a year and early embryonic loss is heavy. Working at 4,400 m they let core temperature swing 1.2 to 1.6 degrees over a day, which matters when a single rectal reading decides whether an animal is febrile: cited adult reference values are 38.0 to 38.9 C with a pulse of 60 to 80. Like all South American camelids they compensate for illness for a long time, and a dense fleece hides wasting, so body condition has to be palpated rather than eyed.

المؤشّرات الحيوية

معدّل ضربات القلب
60 – 80

reference range cited for adult camelids; the MSD resting-heart-rate table carries no llama row

معدّل التنفّس
15 – 30

reference range cited for adult camelids; the MSD resting-respiratory-rate table carries no llama row

مدّة الحمل
342 – 360 days

Stated for LLAMAS specifically (Lama glama), not for South American camelids as a group: the same sentence gives alpacas a separate range of 335-365 days, so llama and alpaca are not pooled here and vicuna and guanaco are not covered by this figure. The authors attribute the tighter New World camelid ranges to a more homogeneous population and rearing conditions.

حرارة الجسم
37.5 – 38.9 C

Rectal temperature reference range for the ADULT camelid, from the MSD Veterinary Manual vital-signs table attached to the Herd Health of Llamas and Alpacas chapter. Applies to South American camelids (llama and alpaca) only - it must not be carried across to dromedary or Bactrian camels. The same table gives heart rate 60-90 beats/min and respiratory rate 10-30 breaths/min. Replaces the withdrawn 36.25-41.17, which was the 308-day min/max envelope of rumen telemetry in seven free-ranging female llamas.

الوزن عند البلوغ
120 – 200 kg

ADULT weight - the table row is headed 'Adult weight' in a veterinary reference. SEXES ARE MERGED; this source does not split them. Breed coverage is complete by definition: the same table's Breeds row reads 'No distinct breeds' for the llama. (The 60-80 kg in the quoted row is the adjacent alpaca column, not the llama.) A sex split exists in Oklahoma State University Extension fact sheet VTMD-9122 - males about 136-181 kg, females about 104-159 kg - but extension.okstate.edu returns 403 to every client that can be verified by curl, so it is named here and not relied on. This replaces 110-141 kg, which was a mean plus or minus one standard deviation from SEVEN non-pregnant female llamas at 4,400 m in Peru, measured in November; males were not represented at all.

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