Dromedary Camelus dromedarius
تعريف
The dromedary is the one-humped camel of the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa and South Asia, domesticated late by livestock standards - roughly 3,000 to 4,000 years ago - and spread along the incense and Silk Road caravan routes whose imprint still shows in its genetics. It is kept mainly for milk and meat and secondarily for transport and racing. FAO records daily yields of 4 to 13 kg over lactations of 9 to 18 months, more than the Bactrian gives, with Arvana females reaching 4,387 kg across an 18-month lactation. Eight indigenous Pakistani breeds average between 584 and 704 kg at maturity. Gestation runs about 385 days, and although females are sexually mature at around 18 months they are not usually bred before two or three years, so herds turn over slowly and a lost pregnancy is expensive. The clinical signature is water economy. She-camels held off water for six days drank almost 83 litres at one session yet showed no serious change in blood count or vital signs, packed cell volume simply rising as they dehydrated. Resting pulse sits near 46 and respiration near 10 a minute, so tachypnoea that would pass unremarked in cattle means something here.
المؤشّرات الحيوية
- العمر عند أول تكاثر
- 43.5 – 52 months
- مدّة الحمل
- 371 – 408 days
- حرارة الجسم
- 35.7 – 38.9 C
- معدّل ضربات القلب
- 35 – 50 bpm
- الوزن عند البلوغ
- 248.4 – 850 kg
OBSERVED age at first breeding, measured on 135 she-camels of eight indigenous Pakistani dromedary breeds (Bravhi, Kachi, Kharani, Kohi, Lassi, Makrani, Pishin, Rodbari). Whole-sample mean 1452.01 days (SD 129.39), i.e. 47.8 months; the stored range is mean +/- 1 SD (1323-1581 days = 43.5-52.0 months). Not spliced with any other source. For contrast and NOT merged into this range: FAO's Soviet camel chapter gives a much earlier managed figure for one breed only - Arvana dromedaries 'are mated when they reach three years of age and have a live weight of 350-400 kg' (36 months), with males used for service from 4-5 years. The 24-month floor previously stored is Bactrian text and belongs to Camelus bactrianus.
MEASURED gestation period in 135 she-camels of eight indigenous Pakistani dromedary breeds; whole-sample mean 389.59 days, SD 18.31. Stored range is mean +/- 1 SD (371.3-407.9 days), rounded. The previously stored bare 385 is FAO's Arvana figure - 'Gestation period is, on average, 385 days' - which is the single Soviet/Turkmen dromedary breed, not the species, and carried no tolerance. Not spliced: 371-408 comes from this cohort alone.
Range of body temperature across dromedary camels examined in the field, from a peer-reviewed paper on clinical examination of the species. STRONGLY DIURNAL and that qualifier is part of the fact: lowest in the morning, highest in the afternoon, and the author's rule is that a high MORNING temperature indicates fever while a high afternoon temperature may be hyperthermia - so the top of this band is only normal in the afternoon. Field conditions, Ethiopia; young camels examined standing, adults restrained. Read from the authors' abstract (PubMed PMID 15449833); the full text is paywalled. Replaces the withdrawn 34-42, which was FAO's thermoregulatory extreme quoted from a chapter about two-humped camels.
Heart rate range in dromedary camels examined in the field, from the same peer-reviewed clinical-examination paper. The authors state there is no morning/afternoon difference in heart rate, and that taking a PULSE rate was impractical as a routine procedure - this is an auscultated heart rate. Field conditions, Ethiopia, camels restrained for examination. Read from the authors' abstract (PubMed PMID 15449833); full text paywalled. Replaces the withdrawn 46.25-47.0, a 0.75-bpm span of group means from twelve water-restricted lactating she-camels.
ADULT weight - the underlying table is titled 'Body weight (kg) and biometric traits (cm) of adult camels'. Sexes separated: males 267.7-850.0 kg, females 248.4-717.6 kg. THESE ARE BREED/ECOTYPE MEANS, NOT INDIVIDUAL EXTREMES - individual camels fall outside both ends. Breeds covered, all African: males Kenani, Rashaidi, Lahwee, Anafi, Bishari, Kabbashi, Liben, Steppe, Sahraoui, Maghrebi, Somali, Nigerian Indigenous (Sudan, Ethiopia, Algeria, Tunisia, Kenya, Nigeria); females the same set plus Aftout and Gelleb (adding Mauritania). NOT COVERED: Arabian Peninsula, Indian, Pakistani and Central Asian (Arvana) breeds. This replaces 584.5-703.7 kg, which was eight Pakistani breed means from a FEMALE-ONLY milk-recording dataset - bulls were absent from it entirely. The verbatim sentence below is from the article body; the 'adult camels' label is the caption of Supplementary Table 1, which I extracted from Table1.docx in the Europe PMC supplementary archive for PMC9791103.
تُعرض المؤشّرات المُوثَّقة فقط. غياب مؤشّر هنا يعني أنه غير مذكور في مرجع موثوق لهذا النوع — لا أنه ناقص من الصفحة.
السلالات — لا يوجد ارتباط
لا سلالة منشورة لهذا النوع بعد. السلالات محصودة بأعداد كبيرة وتنتظر اعتماداً بشرياً قبل أن تُنشر.
كل السلالات ←العلامات السريرية — لا يوجد ارتباط
لا علامة سريرية منشورة بعد — وهي أيضاً ما ينقص باحث العلامات.
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