كلورامفينيكول

الكلورامفينيكول (chloramphenicol) مشتق نيتروبنزين محايد بسيط نسبياً وذو طعم مرّ، بحسب دليل MSD البيطري. يذكر دليل MSD البيطري أن الكلورامفينيكول يُستعمل لعلاج العدوى الجهازية والعدوى الموضعية، وأنه يتميز بطيفه ضد البكتيريا اللاهوائية.

آلية العمل

يوضح دليل MSD البيطري أن الفينيكولات تثبّط تصنيع البروتين لدى الميكروبات بارتباطها بالوحدة 50S من الريبوسوم 70S وإضعافها نشاط إنزيم نقل ببتيديل. يذكر دليل MSD البيطري أن أثر الكلورامفينيكول يكون في الغالب مثبطاً لنمو البكتيريا، وأنه قد يصبح قاتلاً لها عند التراكيز العالية في بعض الأنواع. يذكر دليل MSD البيطري أن أجناساً كثيرة من البكتيريا موجبة الغرام وسالبة الغرام، وعدداً من اللاهوائيات مثل Bacteroides fragilis، وكذلك أنواع Rickettsia وChlamydia، حساسة للفينيكولات. يذكر دليل MSD البيطري أن الكلورامفينيكول يُمتص بسرعة من الجزء العلوي من الجهاز الهضمي عند إعطاء صورته القاعدية بالفم للحيوانات غير المجترة، أما في المجترات فتعطله الكائنات الدقيقة في الكرش والشبكية فلا يبقى متاحاً للامتصاص. يذكر دليل MSD البيطري أن الكلورامفينيكول يتوزع على نطاق واسع في الجسم، وأن الحاجز الدموي البروستاتي استثناء من ذلك إذ تكون تراكيزه في البروستات الملتهبة منخفضة إلى معدومة. يذكر دليل MSD البيطري أن الكلورامفينيكول، بخلاف كثير من المضادات البكتيرية الأخرى، يخضع لاستقلاب كبدي واسع، وأن الكلورامفينيكول الحر يتحول أساساً بالاقتران مع حمض الغلوكورونيك. يصف دليل MSD البيطري الكلورامفينيكول بأنه مثبط قوي غير تنافسي لإنزيمات الميكروسومات، وبأنه قد يطيل كثيراً مدة تأثير عدة أدوية تُعطى معه في الوقت نفسه.

الاستعمالات البيطرية والأنواع الحيوانية

يذكر دليل MSD البيطري أن داء السلمونيلات وتعفّن الدم بجرثومة Bacteroides كانا من الاستطبابات المحددة للكلورامفينيكول، غير أن استعماله تراجع لغياب مستحضر معتمد متاح بسهولة. يذكر دليل MSD البيطري أن الكلورامفينيكول يُستعمل بانتظام في حالات العدوى ببكتيريا Staphylococcus aureus وStaphylococcus pseudintermedius المقاومة للميثيسيلين وبالمكورات المعوية المتعددة المقاومة للأدوية، لأن هذه الكائنات الإشكالية كثيراً ما تحتفظ بحساسيتها له.

السلامة

يذكر دليل MSD البيطري أن شكلاً من فقر الدم اللاتنسجي، يبدو أنه نوع من تفاعلات فرط الحساسية للكلورامفينيكول، شُخّص في الكلاب والقطط. يذكر دليل MSD البيطري أن الكلورامفينيكول قد يسبب لدى البشر متلازمتين مميزتين من تثبيط نقي العظم. يلاحظ تقييم الكلورامفينيكول لعام 2004 في قاعدة بيانات منظمة الأغذية والزراعة ومنظمة الصحة العالمية أن فقر الدم اللاتنسجي الذي يسببه الكلورامفينيكول استجابة نادرة خاصة بالفرد لدى البشر، وربما يكون لها مكوّن مناعي، وأنه لم يمكن تطوير نموذج حيواني لها. يذكر دليل MSD البيطري أن اضطرابات الجهاز الهضمي قد تظهر في جميع الحيوانات غير المجترة المعالَجة بالكلورامفينيكول عن طريق الفم.

الوضع التنظيمي

يذكر دليل MSD البيطري أن استعمال الكلورامفينيكول في حيوانات الإنتاج محظور في الولايات المتحدة وعدة بلدان أخرى، لأن بقايا الدواء في أنسجة هذه الحيوانات قد تسبب فقر الدم اللاتنسجي لدى البشر. يذكر تقييم الكلورامفينيكول لعام 2004 في قاعدة بيانات منظمة الأغذية والزراعة ومنظمة الصحة العالمية أنه لم يتسنَّ اقتراح خيارات لتنظيم آثار الكلورامفينيكول في الأغذية.

المقاومة

يذكر دليل MSD البيطري أن المقاومة للكلورامفينيكول تتطور ببطء وعلى مراحل متدرجة. يوضح دليل MSD البيطري أن المقاومة العالية المحمولة على البلازميدات في العزلات البكتيرية السريرية تعود إلى إنتاج إنزيم أسيتيل ترانسفيراز الكلورامفينيكول، فيفقد الدواء بذلك قدرته على الارتباط بالريبوسوم. يذكر دليل MSD البيطري أن المقاومة للكلورامفينيكول كثيراً ما تتطور مع مقاومة التتراسيكلين والإريثروميسين والستربتوميسين والأمبيسيلين ومضادات ميكروبية أخرى، لأن جينات متعددة تُحمل على البلازميد نفسه.

النصوص أدناه منقولة حرفياً وبلغتها الأصلية من نشرات الأدوية البيطرية المعتمدة لدى إدارة الغذاء والدواء الأمريكية (FDA) وقاعدة بيانات DailyMed.

دواعي الاستعمال (9)

Dogs (6)
  • Oral treatment of bacterial pulmonary infections, bacterial infections of the urinary tract, bacterial enteritis, and bacterial infections associated with canine distemper caused by susceptible organisms.

    Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

    Chloromycetin Tablets 100 mg

  • Treatment of bacterial pulmonary infections, infections of the urinary tract, enteritis, and infections associated with canine distemper that are caused by organisms susceptible to chloramphenicol.

    Not for use in animals that are raised for food production. Must not be used in meat, egg, or milk-producing animals. The length of time that residues persist in milk or tissues has not been determined. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

    Chloromycetin Palmitate Oral Suspension

  • Oral treatment of bacterial gastroenteritis associated with bacterial diarrhea, bacterial pulmonary infections, and bacterial infections of the urinary tract caused by susceptible organisms.

    Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

    Viceton® Tablets

  • Treatment of infections of the respiratory tract, the urinary tract, and enteritis and tonsillitis caused by organisms susceptible to chloramphenicol.

    Not for use in animals raised for food production. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

    Tevcocin

  • Treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis and ocular inflammation caused by organisms susceptible to chloramphenicol.

    For use only by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

    Chlorasone Ophthalmic Ointment

  • Treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis caused by pathogens susceptible to chloramphenicol.

    Continue treatment for 48 hours (2 days) after the eye appears normal. If improvement is not noted in a few days a change of therapy should be considered. When infection is suspected as the cause of a disease process, especially in purulent or catarrhal conjunctivitis, attempts should be made to determine through susceptibility testing, which antibiotics will be effective prior to applying ophthalmic preparations. This chloramphenicol product must not be used in animals producing meat, eggs or milk. The length of time that residues persist in milk or tissues has not been determined. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

    Chloromycetin Ophthalmic Ointment

Cats (2)
  • Treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis and ocular inflammation caused by organisms susceptible to chloramphenicol.

    For use only by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

    Chlorasone Ophthalmic Ointment

  • Treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis caused by pathogens susceptible to chloramphenicol.

    Continue treatment for 48 hours (2 days) after the eye appears normal. Therapy for cats should not exceed 7 days. Prolonged use in cats may produce blood dyscrasias. If improvement is not noted in a few days a change of therapy should be considered. When infection is suspected as the cause of a disease process, especially in purulent or catarrhal conjunctivitis, attempts should be made to determine through susceptibility testing, which antibiotics will be effective prior to applying ophthalmic preparations. This chloramphenicol product must not be used in animals producing meat, eggs or milk. The length of time that residues persist in milk or tissues has not been determined. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

    Chloromycetin Ophthalmic Ointment

دون تحديد نوع الحيوان (1)
  • INDICATIONS: Chloramphenicol Tablets are recommended for oral treatment of the following conditions in dogs: Bacterial pulmonary infections caused by susceptible microorganisms such as: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Brucella bronchiseptica. Infections of the urinary tract caused by susceptible microorganisms such as: Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Corynebacterium renale, Streptococcus spp., and hemolytic Staphylococcus. Enteritis caused by susceptible microorganisms such as: E. coli, Proteus spp., Salmonella spp., and Pseudomonas spp. Infections associated with canine distemper caused by susceptible microorganisms such as: B. bronchiseptica, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Proteus spp., Shigella spp. and Neisseria catarrhalis. Additional adjunctive therapy should be used when indicated. Most susceptible infectious disease organisms will respond to chloramphenicol therapy in three to five days when the recommended dosage regimen is followed. If no response to chloramphenicol therapy is obtained in three to five days, discontinue its use and review the diagnosis. Also, a change of therapy should be considered. Laboratory tests should be conducted including in vitro culturing and susceptibility tests on samples collected prior to treatment.

    FDA application 055-059

موانع الاستعمال (1)

دون تحديد نوع الحيوان (1)
  • CONTRAINDICATIONS: Because of potential antagonism, chloramphenicol should not be administered simultaneously with penicillin or streptomycin.

    FDA application 055-059

التحذيرات (3)

دون تحديد نوع الحيوان (3)
  • HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS: This antibiotic contains a chemical structure (nitrobenzene group) that is characteristic of a group of drugs long known to depress hematopoietic activity of the bone marrow (54). In vitro-tissue culture studies using canine bone marrow cells have demonstrated that extremely high concentrations of chloramphenicol inhibit both uptake of iron by the nucleated red cells and incorporation of iron into heme (55). Chloramphenicol products should not be administered in conjunction with or two hours prior to the induction of general anesthesia with pentobarbitol because of prolonged recovery time. Chloramphenicol products should not be administered to dogs maintained for breeding purposes. Some experiments indicate that chloramphenicol causes, in experimental animals, particularly females, significant disorders in morphology as well as in function of the gonads.

    FDA application 055-059

  • WARNING: NOT FOR USE IN ANIMALS WHICH ARE RAISED FOR FOOD PRODUCTION. CHLORAMPHENICOL PRODUCTS SHOULD NOT BE ADMINISTERED IN CONJUNCTION WITH OR 2 HOURS PRIOR TO THE INDUCTION OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA WITH PENTOBARBITAL BECAUSE OF PROLONGED RECOVERY. CHLORAMPHENICOL SHOULD NOT BE ADMINISTERED TO DOGS MAINTAINED FOR BREEDING PURPOSES. SOME EXPERIMENTS INDICATE THAT CHLORAMPHENICOL CAUSES IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS, PARTICULARLY IN FEMALES, SIGNIFICANT DISORDERS IN MORPHOLOGY AS WELL AS IN FUNCTION OF THE GONADS.

    FDA application 055-059

  • Keep out of reach of children.

    FDA application 055-059

الآثار الجانبية (1)

دون تحديد نوع الحيوان (1)
  • ADVERSE REACTIONS: Certain individual dogs may exhibit transient vomiting or diarrhea after an oral dose of 25 mg/lb body weight (49). The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) contains more detailed occupational safety information. To report suspected adverse drug events, for technical assistance or to obtain a copy of the SDS, contact Bimeda, Inc. at 1-888-524-6332. For additional information about adverse drug experience reporting for animal drugs, contact FDA at 1-88-FDA-VETS or online at www.fda.gov/reportanimalae.

    FDA application 055-059

الجرعات (11)

Dogs (7)
  • Apply every 3 hours around the clock for 48 hours after which night installations may be omitted. Apply 4 to 6 times daily to affected eye for the first 72 hours depending upon the severity of the condition. A small amount of ointment should be placed in the conjunctival sac.

    Topical

    Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. Federal law prohibits the use of this drug in food-producing animals.

    Chloricol

  • 5 to 15 milligrams per pound of body weight, intramuscularly or intravenously, every 6 hours. In severe infections, use 4 to 6 hours treatment intervals the first day. If no response is obtained in 3 to 5 days, discontinue use and reevaluate diagnosis.

    Intravenous, Intramuscular

    Not for use in animals raised for food production. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

    Mychel-Vet Injection

  • Apply one or two drops 4 to 6 times a day for the first 72 hours, depending on the severity of the condition. Intervals between applications may be increased after the first 2 days.

    Ophthalmic

    Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

    Chlorasol

  • 4 to 6 times daily to the affected eye for the first 72 hours depending upon the severity of the condition. Continue treatment for 48 hours after the eye appears normal.

    Ophthalmic

    For use only by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

    Chlorasone Ophthalmic Ointment

  • 25 milligrams per pound of body weight every 6 hours. If no response is obtained in 3 to 5 days, discontinue use and reevaluate diagnosis.

    Oral

    Not for use in animals that are raised for food production. Must not be used in meat, egg, or milk-producing animals. The length of time that residues persist in milk or tissues has not been determined. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

    Chloromycetin Palmitate Oral Suspension

  • Administer 25 mg per pound of body weight by mouth every 6 hours.

    Oral

    Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. Federal law prohibits the extralabel use of this drug in food-producing animals.

    Mychel-Vet Tabs

  • 25 milligrams per pound of body weight every 6 hours.

    Oral

    Laboratory tests should be conducted including in vitro culturing and susceptibility tests on samples collected prior to treatment. This product must not be used in meat-, egg-, or milk-producing animals. The length of time that residues persist in milk or tissues has not been determined. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

    Chloramphenicol Capsules

Cats (3)
  • Apply every 3 hours around the clock for 48 hours after which night installations may be omitted. Apply 4 to 6 times daily to affected eye for the first 72 hours depending upon the severity of the condition. A small amount of ointment should be placed in the conjunctival sac.

    Topical

    Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. Federal law prohibits the use of this drug in food-producing animals.

    Chloricol

  • Apply one or two drops 4 to 6 times a day for the first 72 hours, depending on the severity of the condition. Intervals between applications may be increased after the first 2 days.

    Ophthalmic

    Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

    Chlorasol

  • 4 to 6 times daily to the affected eye for the first 72 hours depending upon the severity of the condition. Continue treatment for 48 hours after the eye appears normal.

    Ophthalmic

    For use only by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

    Chlorasone Ophthalmic Ointment

دون تحديد نوع الحيوان (1)
  • DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Dogs-25 mg/lb body weight every 6 hours for oral administration.

    ORAL

    FDA application 055-059

التراكيز المتوفرة (23)

المنتجالشكل الصيدلانيالتراكيز المتوفرة
TevcocinLiquidEach milliliter contains 100 milligrams of chloramphenicol.
Chloramphenicol CapsulesCapsuleEach capsule contains 50, 100, 250 and 500 milligrams chloramphenicol
Chloromycetin Tablets 100 mgTabletEach tablet contains 100, 250, or 500 milligrams of chloramphenicol.
Chlora-Tabs 100TabletEach tablet contains 100 milligrams of chloramphenicol.
Amphicol-VCapsuleEach capsule contains 100 and 250 milligrams of chloramphenicol.
Viceton® TabletsTabletEach tablet contains 50, 100, 250, or 500 milligrams, or 1 gram of chloramphenicol.
Chloromycetin Ophthalmic OintmentOintmentEach gram contains 10 milligrams of chloramphenicol.
Chloromycetin Ophthalmic OintmentOintmentEach gram contains 10 milligrams of chloramphenicol.
Chloramphenicol CapsulesCapsuleEach capsule contains 50, 100, 250 and 500 milligrams chloramphenicol.
ChloricolOintmentEach gram contains 10 milligrams chloramphenicol.
ChloricolOintmentEach gram contains 10 milligrams chloramphenicol.
Mychel-Vet Capsules (50 mg)CapsuleEach capsule contains 50 milligrams of chloramphenicol.
ChlorasolLiquid (Solution)Each milliliter contains 5 milligrams of chloramphenicol.
ChlorasolLiquid (Solution)Each milliliter contains 5 milligrams of chloramphenicol.
Chloromycetin Palmitate Oral SuspensionLiquid (Suspension)Each milliliter contains chloramphenicol palmitate equivalent to 30 milligrams of chloramphenicol.
Chlorasone Ophthalmic OintmentOintmentEach gram of the product contains 10 milligrams of chloramphenicol and 2.5 milligrams of prednisolone acetate.
Chlorasone Ophthalmic OintmentOintmentEach gram of the product contains 10 milligrams of chloramphenicol and 2.5 milligrams of prednisolone acetate.
Medichol TabletsTabletEach tablet contains 100, 250, or 500 milligrams, 1 or 2.5 grams of chloramphenicol.
Chloramphenicol 1% OphthalmicLiquidEach gram contains 10 milligrams chloramphenicol.
Chloramphenicol 1% OphthalmicLiquidEach gram contains 10 milligrams chloramphenicol.
Anacetin TabletsTabletEach tablet contains 100, 250, 500, milligrams, or 1 gram of chloramphenicol.
Mychel-Vet InjectionLiquidEach milliliter contains 100 milligrams of chloramphenicol.
Mychel-Vet TabsTabletEach tablet contains 250 milligrams of chloramphenicol.