Ass Equus asinus
تعريف
The domestic donkey is not a small horse, and treating it as one is the commonest clinical error made with the species. Its numbers are rising where the horse's are not: the world held about 50.5 million donkeys in 2018, up nineteen percent in two decades, concentrated in Ethiopia, Sudan and China, where they draw carts and carry water, produce and people. Adults are small - Nigerian pack donkeys 103 to 145 kg, Brazilian jennies around 180 kg - and jennies carry a foal for about 366 days, roughly a month longer than a mare. Three differences change decisions. Drug handling: donkeys have higher cellular water content and a faster metabolic rate, clear flunixin faster than horses, and show a meloxicam half-life so short its analgesic effect is doubtful, so horse dose intervals mislead. Pain: donkeys are stoic, so colic and severe illness are under-recognised and surgery is delayed. Lipid metabolism: resting triglycerides reach 150 mg/dL in healthy animals and hyperlipaemia follows any period off feed, especially in jennies and miniatures. Resting ACTH, leptin and GGT also run higher than in horses, so equine cut-offs produce false positives.
المؤشّرات الحيوية
- معدّل ضربات القلب
- 36.5 – 58.8
- معدّل التنفّس
- 11.1 – 52.7
- مدّة الحمل
- 347 – 377 days
- حرارة الجسم
- 36.2 – 37.8 C
diurnal and seasonal means in working pack donkeys, not clinic-rested animals; the MSD resting-heart-rate table carries no donkey row
lowest at rainy-season dawn, highest at hot-dry-season midday in working pack donkeys; the MSD resting-respiratory-rate table carries no donkey row
TRUE gestation length (ovulation to parturition, ovulation timed by ovarian ultrasonography), 58 pregnancies across three Spanish donkey breeds - Andalusian, Zamorano-Leones and Catalonian - with no significant difference between breeds. Mean 362 days, SD 15.3; the stored range is mean +/- 1 SD (346.7-377.3), rounded, and comes from this one study only. Breeding season had a significant effect (longer when covered early in the season); breed, jenny age, foal gender and type of gestation did not. Consistent but NOT merged in: Crisci et al. 2014 (Theriogenology) report 353.4 +/- 13.0 days, range 339-370, in 7 Amiata jennies, and the Nordestino means previously stored were 365.9 (multiparous) and 367.0 (primiparous).
Normal rectal temperature of the ADULT donkey, stated as a range with its mean (37.1 C). Lower than the adult horse. Read on WikiVet's clinical examination page, which states its source as Duffield H. (2008) 'An approach to the dull donkey', in Svendsen, Duncan and Hadrill, The Professional Handbook of the Donkey, 4th ed., Whittet Books, Chapter 2 - a donkey veterinary textbook. The number was read from the WikiVet page, not from the book itself. Replaces the withdrawn 34.8-38.2, which was a set of hourly group means from six working pack donkeys in a Nigerian savannah.
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